The Role and Involvement of Orang Laut of Johor-Riau during the Era of Traditional Malay Kingdom
(Peranan dan Penglibatan Orang Laut Johor-Riau semasa Era Kerajaan Melayu Tradisional)
Abstract
The Orang Laut of Johor-Riau played a significant role in the early establishment of traditional Malay kingdoms. A qualitative approach together with document and manuscript analysis were applied to answer research questions using primary sources such as documents and manuscripts. The study was also supported by secondary sources in the form of books, journals and articles. The findings show that the Orang Laut of Johor-Riau were the pillars of strength and glory from the time of the Srivijaya Empire up to the time of the kingdoms of Melaka (Malacca) and Johor-Riau. Changes in these polities due to the fragmentation of the Johor-Riau kingdom in the late 17th century affected the reciprocal relationship between the Orang Laut and the Malay kingdoms. The conclusion that this study draws is that the changes in these polities marginalized the Orang Laut of Johor-Riau. The implications of this study are that the changes in these polities apparently affected people who did not move in tandem with such changes.
Keywords: Orang Laut of Johor-Riau, Srivijaya, Melaka/Malacca, traditional Malay kingdoms, civilization
References
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Kassim Ahmad. (2008). Hikayat Hang Tuah. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
Kathirithamby-Wells, J. & Villiers, J. (Eds.). (1999). The Southeast Asian Port and Politi. Rise and Demise. Singapore: Singapore University Press.
Kwa Chong Guan. (1984). "Records and Notices of Early Singapore," Archaeological Research on the "Forbidden Hill" of Singapore: Excavation at Fort Canning, 1984. John. N. Miksic (Ed.). Singapore: National Museum.
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Miksic, J. (1998b). Entrepots along the Melaka Strait. The Encyclopedia of Malaysia. Early History. Vol. 4. Singapore: Archipelago Press.
Miksic, J.N. (2000). Heterogenetic Cities in Premodern Southeast Asia. World Archaeology, 32(1), 106-20.
Miksic, J.N. (2006). "Intrasite Analysis of 14th-Century Singapore," in Uncovering Southeast Asia's Past. Selected Papes from the 10th International Conference of the European Association of Southeast Asia Archaeologist. The British Museum, London. 14th-17th September 2004, eds. E. Bacus, I.C. Glover & V.C. Pigott. Singapore: NUS Press. (pp.335-346).
Miksic, J.N. (2014). Singapore & The Silk Road of the Sea 1300-1800. Singapore: NUS Press & National Museum of Singapore.
Mohd. Yusof Md. Nor. (1997). Salasilah Melayu dan Bugis. Shah Alam, Selangor: Penerbit Fajar Bakti Sdn. Bhd.
Mohd. Yusof Md. Nor. (2016). Salasilah Melayu dan Bugis. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
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Reid, A. & Castles, L. (Eds.). (1975). Pre-colonial state systems in Southeast Asia: the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Bali-Lombok, South Celebes. Monographs of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Kuala Lumpur, No.6.
Reid, A. (1979). The Blood of the People. Revolution and the End of Traditional Rule in Northern Sumatera. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press.
Schot, J.G. (1882). De Batam Archipel, De Indische Gids 4-2: 25-54, 161-88, 470-79, 616-25.
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Sopher, D.E. (1965). The 'sea nomads' A Study Based on the Literature of the Maritime Boat People of Southeast Asia. Memoirs of the National Museum No.5. Singapore: National Museum.
Sopher, D.E. (1977). The 'sea nomads': A Study Based on the Literature of the Maritime Boat People of Southeast Asia. Memoirs of the National Museum No.5. Singapore: National Museum
Tarling, N. (1963). Piracy and Politics in the Malay World. A Study of British Imperialism in Nineteenth-Century South-East Asia. Singapore: Donald Moore Gallery.
Trocki, C.A. (2007). Prince of Pirates: The Temenggongs and the Development of Johor and Singapore 1784-1885, 2nd Edition. Singapore: NUS Press, Singapore.
Wake, C.H. (1975). Raffles and the Rajas: The Founding of Singapore in Malayan and British Colonial History. Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, 48, 1
Wheatley, P. (2010). The Golden Khersonese. Studies in the Historical Geography of the Malay Peninsula before A. D. 1500. Kuala Lumpur: University of Malaya Press.
Wolters, O.W. (1979). Early Indonesian Commerce: A Study of the Origins of Srivijaya, 1967; lihat juga O.W. Wolters, "Studying Srivijaya". Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, 52, 2: 1-32
Wolters, O.W. (1970). The Fall of Srivijaya in Malay History. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press.
Wolters, O.W. (1967). Early Indonesian Commerce: A Study of the Origins of Srivijaya. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press
Wolters, O.W. (1970). The Fall of Srivijaya in Malay History. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press.
Wolters, O.W. (1970). The Fall of Srivijaya in Malay History. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press.
Zainal Abidin Borhan. (1993). Gerak Kehidupan Orang Seletar. Seminar on Indigenous Community in Relation to the Festival of Art and Culture of Asia and Pacific (2-5 September 1993). Pekanbaru, Riau.
Abdullah Zakaria Ghazali dan Zainal Abidin Borhan. (1994). Johor Dahulu dan Sekarang. Kuala Lumpur: Persatuan Muzium Malaysia.
Andaya, B.W. & Andaya, L.Y. (2001). A history of Malaysia. (2nd Ed.). Fifth Avenue, NY: Palgrave Macmillan (pp.79-116)
Andaya, B.W. (1997). Recreating a vision: daratan and kepulauan in historical context in Riau in transition. Cynthia Chou & W. Derks (Eds.), Bijdragen Tot de Taal-, Land-en Volkenkunde, 153, 4e: 438-508
Andaya, L.Y. (1975). The Kingdom of Johor, 1641-1728: Economic and Political Developments. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press.
Barnard, T.P. (2007). Celates, Rayat-Laut, pirates: the Orang Laut and their decline in History. Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society 80(2), 33-49
Barnard, T.P. (2003). Multiple Centres of Authority: Society and Environment in Siak and Eastern Sumatra, 1674-1827. Leiden: Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land-en, Volkenkunde Press.
Benjamin, G. (2002). On being tribal in the Malay World in Tribal Communities. G. Benjamin & Cynthia Chou (Eds.), Malay World: Historical, Cultural and Social Perspectives. Singapore and the Netherlands: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies and International Institute for Asian Studies.
Benjamin, G. (1976). Austroasiatic Sub-Groupings and Prehistory in the Malay Peninsular. P. Jenner, et al. (Eds.), Austroasiatic Studies. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. (pp.37-128).
Bonney, R. (1971). Kedah 1771-1821: The search for security and independence. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press.
Borschberg, P. (2015). Journal, Memorials and Letters of Cornelius Matelieff de Jonge, Security, Diplomacy and Commerce in 17th Century Southeast Asia. Singapore: NUS Press.
Borschberg, P. (2014). The Memoirs and Memorials of Jacques de Coutre: Security, Trade and Society in 16th- and 17th-century Southeast Asia. Translated by. R. Roy. Singapore: NUS Press.
Borschberg, P. (2002). The Seizure of the Sta Catarina Revisited. JSEAS, 33(1), 59-60.
Brown, C.C. (Ed.). (2010). Malay Annals. Translated from MS Raffles No.18. The Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society Reprint 28. Selangor: The Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society.
Brown, C.C. (trans.). (1970). Sejarah Melayu (Malay Annals). Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press.
Caldwell, I & Hazlewood, A.A. The holy footprints of the venerable Gautama: a new translation of the Pasir Panjang inscription. Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land-en Volkenkunde, 150, 457-80
Chuleeporn, V. (2002). Power Relations between the Orang Laut and the Malay kingdoms of Melaka and Johor during the fifteenth to seventeenth centuries. S. Chutintaranond and C. Baker (Eds.), Recalling Local Oasts: Autonomous History in Southeast Asia. Chiang Mai: Silkworm Books.
Coedes, G & Damais, Louis-Charles. (1992). Sriwijaya: History, Religion & Language of an Early Malay Politi. Monograph of the Malaysian Branch Royal Asiatic Society No.20. Kuala Lumpur: The Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society.
Coedes, G. (1968). The Indianized States of Southeast Asia. Walter F. Vella (Ed.). Translated by Sue Brown Cowing. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
Daud Kadir. (1993). Eksistensi Orang Laut Dulu dan Sekarang di Daerah Riau, Seminar on Indigenous Community in Relation to the Festival of Art and Culture of Asia and Pacific (2-5 September 1993), Pekanbaru, Riau.
Gibson-Hill, C.A. (1954). Singapore; notes on the history of the Old Strait, 1580-1850. JMBRAS, 27(1), 163-214
Gibson-Hill, C.A. (1952). The Orang Laut of the Singapore River and the Sampan Panjang. JMBRAS, 25(1)161-74
Hirth, F. & Rockhill, W.W. (1911). Chau Ju-Kua: His Work on the Chinese and Arab Trade in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries, entitled Chu-fan-chi. St. Petersburg: Imperial Academy of Sciences. Reprinted Taipei.
Hirth, F. & Rockhill, W.W (Eds.). (1966). Chau Ju-Kua: His Work on the Chinese and Arab Trade in the twelfth and thirteenth Centuries, entitled Chu-fan-chi. New York: Paragon Book Reprint Corp.
Hooker, V.M. (trans.). (2012). The Precious Gift. Institut Terjemahan & Buku Malaysia Berhad, Kuala Lumpur.
Hooker,V.M. (trans.). (2010). The Precious Gift. Kuala Lumpur: Institut Terjemahan & Buku Malaysia Berhad.
Kassim Ahmad. (2008). Hikayat Hang Tuah. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
Kathirithamby-Wells, J. & Villiers, J. (Eds.). (1999). The Southeast Asian Port and Politi. Rise and Demise. Singapore: Singapore University Press.
Kwa Chong Guan. (1984). "Records and Notices of Early Singapore," Archaeological Research on the "Forbidden Hill" of Singapore: Excavation at Fort Canning, 1984. John. N. Miksic (Ed.). Singapore: National Museum.
Leyden, J. (2010). Malay Annals. With an Introductory Essay by Virginia Matheson Hooker & M.B. Hooker. The Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society Reprint 20. Selangor: The Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society.
Logan, J.R. (1847). The Ethnology of the Johor Archipelago. Journal the Indian Archipelago and Eastern Asia, 1, 336-340;
Mariam, M.A. (1984). Orang Baru and Orang Lama: Ways of Being Malay in Singapore's North Coast. (Unpublished B.Soc.Sc. (Hons.) Dissertation, Singapore: National University of Singapore.
Miksic, J.N. (1998a). Trade Routes and Trade Centres. The Encyclopedia of Malaysia. Early History. Vol. 4. Singapore: Archipelago Press.
Miksic, J. (1998b). Entrepots along the Melaka Strait. The Encyclopedia of Malaysia. Early History. Vol. 4. Singapore: Archipelago Press.
Miksic, J.N. (2000). Heterogenetic Cities in Premodern Southeast Asia. World Archaeology, 32(1), 106-20.
Miksic, J.N. (2006). "Intrasite Analysis of 14th-Century Singapore," in Uncovering Southeast Asia's Past. Selected Papes from the 10th International Conference of the European Association of Southeast Asia Archaeologist. The British Museum, London. 14th-17th September 2004, eds. E. Bacus, I.C. Glover & V.C. Pigott. Singapore: NUS Press. (pp.335-346).
Miksic, J.N. (2014). Singapore & The Silk Road of the Sea 1300-1800. Singapore: NUS Press & National Museum of Singapore.
Mohd. Yusof Md. Nor. (1997). Salasilah Melayu dan Bugis. Shah Alam, Selangor: Penerbit Fajar Bakti Sdn. Bhd.
Mohd. Yusof Md. Nor. (2016). Salasilah Melayu dan Bugis. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
Muhammad Yusoff Hashim. (1992). Hikayat Siak. Dirawikan oleh Tengku Said. Diselenggarakan oleh Muhammad Yusoff Hashim. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
Muhammad Yusoff Hashim. (2017). Hikayat Siak. Legasi Tradisi Gemilang Kesultanan Melayu-Islam. Edisi Kedua. Disuratkan oleh Tengku Said. Diselenggarakan oleh Muhammad Yusoff Hashim. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
Nabir Hj. Abdullah. (2000). Konsep Kewilayahan Kesultanan Johor-Riau, Majlis Polemik Sejarah Malaysia 10 Ogos 2000. Kuala Lumpur: Arkib Negara Malaysia.
Nik Hassan Shuhaimi bin Nik Abd. Rahman. (1990). "The Kingdom of Srivijaya as Sociopolitical and Cultural Entity. J Kathirithamby-Wells & John Villiers (eds.), The Southeast Asian Port and Politi. Rise and Demise. Singapore: Singapore University Press.
Nordin Hussin. (2013). Sadjarah Riouw Lingga dan Daerah Taalognya. Bangi: Penerbit Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.
Pires, Tome. (1944). Suma Oriental: An Account of the East from the Red Sea to Japan Written in Melaka 1512-1515, Vol I & II, trans. A. Cortesao. London: Hakluyt Society.
Raja Ali Haji Ahmad. (1982). The Precious Gift. Tuhfat Al-Nafis. Virginia Matheson Hooker & Barbara W. Andaya (Eds.). Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press.
Reid, A. & Castles, L. (Eds.). (1975). Pre-colonial state systems in Southeast Asia: the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Bali-Lombok, South Celebes. Monographs of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Kuala Lumpur, No.6.
Reid, A. (1979). The Blood of the People. Revolution and the End of Traditional Rule in Northern Sumatera. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press.
Schot, J.G. (1882). De Batam Archipel, De Indische Gids 4-2: 25-54, 161-88, 470-79, 616-25.
Shellabear, W.G. (1975). Sejarah Melayu. Petaling Jaya: Penerbit Fajar Bakti Sdn. Bhd.
Shellabear, W.G. (2016). Sejarah Melayu. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
Sopher, D.E. (1965). The 'sea nomads' A Study Based on the Literature of the Maritime Boat People of Southeast Asia. Memoirs of the National Museum No.5. Singapore: National Museum.
Sopher, D.E. (1977). The 'sea nomads': A Study Based on the Literature of the Maritime Boat People of Southeast Asia. Memoirs of the National Museum No.5. Singapore: National Museum
Tarling, N. (1963). Piracy and Politics in the Malay World. A Study of British Imperialism in Nineteenth-Century South-East Asia. Singapore: Donald Moore Gallery.
Trocki, C.A. (2007). Prince of Pirates: The Temenggongs and the Development of Johor and Singapore 1784-1885, 2nd Edition. Singapore: NUS Press, Singapore.
Wake, C.H. (1975). Raffles and the Rajas: The Founding of Singapore in Malayan and British Colonial History. Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, 48, 1
Wheatley, P. (2010). The Golden Khersonese. Studies in the Historical Geography of the Malay Peninsula before A. D. 1500. Kuala Lumpur: University of Malaya Press.
Wolters, O.W. (1979). Early Indonesian Commerce: A Study of the Origins of Srivijaya, 1967; lihat juga O.W. Wolters, "Studying Srivijaya". Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, 52, 2: 1-32
Wolters, O.W. (1970). The Fall of Srivijaya in Malay History. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press.
Wolters, O.W. (1967). Early Indonesian Commerce: A Study of the Origins of Srivijaya. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press
Wolters, O.W. (1970). The Fall of Srivijaya in Malay History. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press.
Wolters, O.W. (1970). The Fall of Srivijaya in Malay History. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press.
Zainal Abidin Borhan. (1993). Gerak Kehidupan Orang Seletar. Seminar on Indigenous Community in Relation to the Festival of Art and Culture of Asia and Pacific (2-5 September 1993). Pekanbaru, Riau.
Published
2020-01-03
How to Cite
MOHAMAD ALI, Roziah; ARIFFIN, Khairi.
The Role and Involvement of Orang Laut of Johor-Riau during the Era of Traditional Malay Kingdom.
Melayu: Jurnal Antarabangsa Dunia Melayu, [S.l.], v. 13, n. 1, p. 1-24, jan. 2020.
ISSN 2682-8049.
Available at: <https://jurnal.dbp.my/index.php/Melayu/article/view/6161>. Date accessed: 20 apr. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.37052/jm.13(1)no1.
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Articles
