Self-Esteem Levels of the Indebted Lower-Income Group and the Role of Organizations in the Plantation Sector
(Tahap Harga Diri Kumpulan Berpendapatan Rendah yang Berhutang dan Peranan Organisasi dalam Sektor Perladangan)
Abstract
High level self-esteem is a very important human need. Many studies have found that one's behaviour are somewhat influenced by their level of self-esteem. According to Maslow's Theory, if this need is not fulfilled, an individual may experience failed identity, unbalanced personality, lack self-confident and quick to quit, and sometimes it may lead to social and criminal problems. Some individual consider money not only as instrument to meet the basic needs but also for the high level needs such as self-esteem. Due to poverty and lack of income, low-income individuals are seen as less successful and reluctant to socialize with others. This group is also often associated with debt to meet their basic needs. However, the current scenario also shows that debt is not only associated with the purpose of purchasing basic needs but also for higher needs such as to increase self-esteem. Previous study found that there is a link between organizational supports towards self-esteem and suggested that organizations need to enhance the rewarding system that is more focuses on individual self-esteem. Hence, this study is conducted to see the level of self-esteem of the B40 Muslim borrower and evaluate the level of organizational support in raising the Muslim B40's self-esteem. Respondents in this study consisted of settlers and general Muslim workers who belong to the category of low-income households residing and working in Felda. The findings show that their level of self-esteem as well as the role of employers is at a moderate level. Implicitly, this study can help Felda management, employers and certain authorities in Malaysia to draw up human development plan to empower their self-esteem.
Keyword: self-esteem, debt, low income, organizational support
References
Ahmad Shukri Mohd Nain. (2002).Tingkah laku organisasi: Pengenalan tingkah laku individu. Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. Johor.
Ahmed, N., Troell, M., Allison, E.H., & Muir, J.F. (2010). Prawn postlarvae fishing in coastal Bangladesh: Challenges for sustainable livelihoods. Marine Policy, 34, 218-227.
Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50, 179-211.
Atirah Hasli (2017). Majikan sebabkan pekerja stres boleh kena tindakan. Sinar Online. http://www.sinarharian.com.my/nasional/majikan-sebabkan-pekerja-stres-boleh-kenatindakan-1.754959
Azizi bin Yahya. (2004). Membentuk identiti remaja. Johor: PTS Professional.
Azizi Yahaya et al. (2004). Psikologi Sosial. Skudai: Universiti Teknologi Malaysia.
Batty, E., & Flint, J. (2010). Self-esteem, comparative poverty and neighbourhoods. Living through Change Research Paper, 7.
Baumeister, R. F., Heatherton, T. F., and Tice, D. M. (1993). When ego threats lead to selfregulation failure: Negative consequences of high self-esteem. J. Pers. Soc.Psychol. 64, 141-156. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.64.1.141
Baumeister, R. F. (1998). The self. The handbook of social psychology, 4th Edn, Eds D. T. Gilbert, S. T. Fiske, And G. Lindzey (New York, Ny: Mcgraw-Hill), 680-740.
Blokland, T. (2007). You got to remember you live in public housing: Place-making in an American housing project. Housing, Theory and Society, 25 (1) pp. 31-46.
Canvin, K., Marttila, A., Burstrom, B. and Whitehead, M. (2009) Tales of the unexpected? Hidden resilience in poor households in Britain. Social Science and Medicine, 69, 238-245.
Charlesworth, S.J. (2000). A phenomenology of working class experience. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Coopersmith, S. (1967). The antecedents of self-esteem. San Francisco, CA: W. H. Freeman.
Crocker, J., & Park, L. E. (2004). The costly pursuit of self-esteem. Psychological Bulletin, 130 (3), 392.
Davidson, R. (2008). More than Just Coping: The Antecedents and Dynamics of Resilience in a Qualitative Longitudinal Study. Social Policy and Society, 8 (1), 115-125.
Devereux, S., & Vincent, K. (2010). Using technology to deliver social protection: exploring opportunities and risks. Development in Practice, 20(3), 367-379.
Donnellan, M. B., Trzesniewski, K. H., Robins, R. W., Moffitt, T. E., & Caspi, A. (2005). Low Self-Esteem Is Related To Aggression, Antisocial Behavior, And Delinquency. Psychological Science, 16(4), 328-335.
Eisenberger, R., Cummings, J., Armeli, S., & Lynch, P. (1997). Perceived organizational support, discretionary treatment, and job satisfaction. Journal of applied psychology, 82(5), 812.
Flint, J. (2010). Coping Strategies? Agencies, budgeting and self-esteem amongst low-income households, Research Paper No. 5. Sheffield: Centre for Regional Economic and Social Research.
Gazi Md. Nurul Islam, Yew, T.S., Nik Mustapha R. Abdullah, & Viswanathan, K.K. (2011). Social capital, community based management, and fishers' livelihood in Bangladesh. Ocean and Coastal Management, 54, 173-180.
Haryati Kamarudin. (2013). Faktor tekanan kerja dalam kalangan kakitangan MAINS Holding Sdn Bhd-FASS Final Project (Psychology).
Hochwarter, W.A., Kacmar, C., Perrewe, P.L. & Johnson, D. (2003). Perceived organizational support as a mediator of relationship between politics perceptions and work outcomes. Journal of Vacational Behavior, 63, 438-456
Katungi, E., C. Machethe and M. Smale. (2007). Determinants of social capital formation in rural Uganda: Implications for group-based agricultural extension approaches. The African Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics 1(2):167-190.
Krejcie, R.V and Morgan, D.W. (1970). Determining sample size for research activities. Educational and Psychological Measurement. 30(3): 607-610.
Landell, K. (1997). Management by Menu. 1. ed. London: Wiley and Sons Inc. 432 p.
Managing Work Life Balance International. (2005). Work life initiatives: The way ahead: Report on the year 2005 survey. Roseville, NSW, Managing Work Life Balance International.
Maslow, A. (1954). Motivation and personality. New York: Harper
Moser, C.O.N. (1998). The asset vulnerability framework: Reassessing urban poverty reduction strategies. World Development, 26 (1), 1-19.
Mustaffa, N. N. M., Awang, J., & Basir, A. (2017). teori maslow dan kaitannya dengan kehidupan Muslim (Maslow's theory and its relation to Muslim's life). Jurnal Hadhari: An International Journal, 9(2), 275-285.
Nasution, S. H. S. (2017). Gambaran rasa malu dan perilaku berhutang pada mahasiswa. Jurnal Riset Psikologi, 2016(3).
Orr, S., Brown, G., Smith, S., May, C. and Waters, M. (2006). When ends don’t meetassets, vulnerabilities and livelihoods: An analysis of households in Thornaby-On-Tees. Manchester: Church Action on Poverty and Oxfam.
Parker, S. and Pharaoh, R. (2008). Just coping: A new perspective on low-income families. Maidstone: Kent County Council.
Rahmah Ismail, Noor Dzaharah Mahfodz and Noorasiah Sulaiman. (2016). Tahap dan penentu indeks modal sosial di Malaysia. Kajian Malaysia: Journal of Malaysian Studies, 34(2).
Rasidah, A. & Suryati, A.Z. (2010). Tanggapan sokongan organisasi, kepuasan kerja, komil~nen dan kelakuan kewargaan organisasi pekerja: Peranan politik organisasi sebagai perantara. Jurnal Pengurusan 31, 83-92.
Reasoner, R. W., & Dusa, G. S. (1991). Building self-esteem in the secondary schools: Teacher's manual and instructional materials. Consulting Psychologists Press.
Reay, D. (2005). Beyond consciousness? The psychic landscape of social class. Sociology, 39 (5), 911-928.
Ridge, T. (2009). Living with poverty: A review of the literature on children's and families' experiences of poverty- Research Report No 594. London: Department for Work and Pensions.
Ruslinawati, A. G. (2014). Penghayatan 'aqidah dalam kalangan pelajar Politeknik Sultan Abdul Halim Mu'adzam Shah (POLIMAS): Satu analisis. Kedah: Jabatan Pengajian AmPoliteknik Sultan Abdul Halim Mu'adzam Shah.
Sapora Sipon. (2008). Keberkesanan kaunseling kelompok pemusatan insan, rasional emotif tingkah laku dan psikologi kongnitif ad-din ke atas pengurangan tahap tekanan guru. Jurnal PERKAMA, Bilangan (14). Persatuan Kaunseling Malaysia.
Shukri Ahmad, Y. D., Abdullah, W. A. R. K. W., Ibrahim, M. M., & Hussain, S. F. M (2014). Penghayatan solat dan pengimarahan masjid: Kajian dalam kalangan pelajar Universiti Utara Malaysia. In: 2nd International Conference on Social Sciences Research (ICSSR 2014), 9-10 June 2014, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, MALAYSIA.
Siagian, S. P. (1989). Teori motivasi dan aplikasinya. Jakarta: Bina Aksara.
Siti Raba'ah Hamzah, Turiman Suandi & Azimi Hamzah. (November 2015). Pengaruh kepercayaan, motivasi dan niat terhadap golongan belia dalam aktiviti sukarela di Malaysia. International Journal of Education and Training (InjET), 1(2), 1-10.
Sivanathan, N., and Pettit, N. C. (2010). Protecting the self through consumption: Status goods as affirmational commodities. J. Exp. Soc. Psychol. 46, 564-570.
Solahuddin Ismail (2009). Pembentukan organisasi cemerlang: Pandangan islam dalam melantik pemimpin. Jurnal Usuluddin, 207-220.
Steele, C. M. (1988). The psychology of self-affirmation: Sustaining the integrity of the self. Advances in experimental social psychology, 21, 261-302.
Taormina, R. J., & Gao, J. H. (2013). Maslow and the motivation hierarchy: Measuring satisfaction of the needs. The American Journal of Psychology, 126(2), 155-177.
Tengku Sarina Aini. (2007). Keperluan motivasi dalam pengurusan kerja berkualiti dari perspektif pemikiran Islam. Jurnal Usuluddin, 25, 103-124.
Uma Sekaran (2000), Research methods for business a skill building approach. New York: John Wiley & Son, h.91.
Vohs, K. D., and Heatherton, T. F. (2001). Self-Esteem and threats to self: implications for self-construals and interpersonal perceptions. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 81, 1103-1118.
Wan Liz Ozman Wan Omar. (1996). Pengurusan Islam abad ke-21. Kuala Lumpur: Utusan Publications & Distributors Sdn. Bhd.
Wayne, S.J., Shore, L.M., Bommer, W.H. & Tetrick, L.E. (2002). The role of fair treatment and rewards in perceptions of organizational support and leader-member exchange. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(3), 590-598.
Wilkinson, R.G. (1996). Unhealthy societies. London: Routledge.
Wilson, J. (2000). Volunteering. Annual Review of Sociology, 26, 215-240. doi:10.1146/ annurev.soc.26.1.215
Worldwide, C., & Oxfam, G. B. (2011). Walking the talk: Cash transfers and gender dynamics. Concern Worldwide and Oxfam.
Yahya, M., & Sa'ari, C. Z. (2016). Program zikrullah dan aktiviti kerohanian asas pembangunan spiritual golongan belia perlu perhatian (PP) dalam merealisasikan gagasan Negara zikir Brunei Darussalam. GJAT, 6(1), 101-112.
Ahmed, N., Troell, M., Allison, E.H., & Muir, J.F. (2010). Prawn postlarvae fishing in coastal Bangladesh: Challenges for sustainable livelihoods. Marine Policy, 34, 218-227.
Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50, 179-211.
Atirah Hasli (2017). Majikan sebabkan pekerja stres boleh kena tindakan. Sinar Online. http://www.sinarharian.com.my/nasional/majikan-sebabkan-pekerja-stres-boleh-kenatindakan-1.754959
Azizi bin Yahya. (2004). Membentuk identiti remaja. Johor: PTS Professional.
Azizi Yahaya et al. (2004). Psikologi Sosial. Skudai: Universiti Teknologi Malaysia.
Batty, E., & Flint, J. (2010). Self-esteem, comparative poverty and neighbourhoods. Living through Change Research Paper, 7.
Baumeister, R. F., Heatherton, T. F., and Tice, D. M. (1993). When ego threats lead to selfregulation failure: Negative consequences of high self-esteem. J. Pers. Soc.Psychol. 64, 141-156. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.64.1.141
Baumeister, R. F. (1998). The self. The handbook of social psychology, 4th Edn, Eds D. T. Gilbert, S. T. Fiske, And G. Lindzey (New York, Ny: Mcgraw-Hill), 680-740.
Blokland, T. (2007). You got to remember you live in public housing: Place-making in an American housing project. Housing, Theory and Society, 25 (1) pp. 31-46.
Canvin, K., Marttila, A., Burstrom, B. and Whitehead, M. (2009) Tales of the unexpected? Hidden resilience in poor households in Britain. Social Science and Medicine, 69, 238-245.
Charlesworth, S.J. (2000). A phenomenology of working class experience. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Coopersmith, S. (1967). The antecedents of self-esteem. San Francisco, CA: W. H. Freeman.
Crocker, J., & Park, L. E. (2004). The costly pursuit of self-esteem. Psychological Bulletin, 130 (3), 392.
Davidson, R. (2008). More than Just Coping: The Antecedents and Dynamics of Resilience in a Qualitative Longitudinal Study. Social Policy and Society, 8 (1), 115-125.
Devereux, S., & Vincent, K. (2010). Using technology to deliver social protection: exploring opportunities and risks. Development in Practice, 20(3), 367-379.
Donnellan, M. B., Trzesniewski, K. H., Robins, R. W., Moffitt, T. E., & Caspi, A. (2005). Low Self-Esteem Is Related To Aggression, Antisocial Behavior, And Delinquency. Psychological Science, 16(4), 328-335.
Eisenberger, R., Cummings, J., Armeli, S., & Lynch, P. (1997). Perceived organizational support, discretionary treatment, and job satisfaction. Journal of applied psychology, 82(5), 812.
Flint, J. (2010). Coping Strategies? Agencies, budgeting and self-esteem amongst low-income households, Research Paper No. 5. Sheffield: Centre for Regional Economic and Social Research.
Gazi Md. Nurul Islam, Yew, T.S., Nik Mustapha R. Abdullah, & Viswanathan, K.K. (2011). Social capital, community based management, and fishers' livelihood in Bangladesh. Ocean and Coastal Management, 54, 173-180.
Haryati Kamarudin. (2013). Faktor tekanan kerja dalam kalangan kakitangan MAINS Holding Sdn Bhd-FASS Final Project (Psychology).
Hochwarter, W.A., Kacmar, C., Perrewe, P.L. & Johnson, D. (2003). Perceived organizational support as a mediator of relationship between politics perceptions and work outcomes. Journal of Vacational Behavior, 63, 438-456
Katungi, E., C. Machethe and M. Smale. (2007). Determinants of social capital formation in rural Uganda: Implications for group-based agricultural extension approaches. The African Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics 1(2):167-190.
Krejcie, R.V and Morgan, D.W. (1970). Determining sample size for research activities. Educational and Psychological Measurement. 30(3): 607-610.
Landell, K. (1997). Management by Menu. 1. ed. London: Wiley and Sons Inc. 432 p.
Managing Work Life Balance International. (2005). Work life initiatives: The way ahead: Report on the year 2005 survey. Roseville, NSW, Managing Work Life Balance International.
Maslow, A. (1954). Motivation and personality. New York: Harper
Moser, C.O.N. (1998). The asset vulnerability framework: Reassessing urban poverty reduction strategies. World Development, 26 (1), 1-19.
Mustaffa, N. N. M., Awang, J., & Basir, A. (2017). teori maslow dan kaitannya dengan kehidupan Muslim (Maslow's theory and its relation to Muslim's life). Jurnal Hadhari: An International Journal, 9(2), 275-285.
Nasution, S. H. S. (2017). Gambaran rasa malu dan perilaku berhutang pada mahasiswa. Jurnal Riset Psikologi, 2016(3).
Orr, S., Brown, G., Smith, S., May, C. and Waters, M. (2006). When ends don’t meetassets, vulnerabilities and livelihoods: An analysis of households in Thornaby-On-Tees. Manchester: Church Action on Poverty and Oxfam.
Parker, S. and Pharaoh, R. (2008). Just coping: A new perspective on low-income families. Maidstone: Kent County Council.
Rahmah Ismail, Noor Dzaharah Mahfodz and Noorasiah Sulaiman. (2016). Tahap dan penentu indeks modal sosial di Malaysia. Kajian Malaysia: Journal of Malaysian Studies, 34(2).
Rasidah, A. & Suryati, A.Z. (2010). Tanggapan sokongan organisasi, kepuasan kerja, komil~nen dan kelakuan kewargaan organisasi pekerja: Peranan politik organisasi sebagai perantara. Jurnal Pengurusan 31, 83-92.
Reasoner, R. W., & Dusa, G. S. (1991). Building self-esteem in the secondary schools: Teacher's manual and instructional materials. Consulting Psychologists Press.
Reay, D. (2005). Beyond consciousness? The psychic landscape of social class. Sociology, 39 (5), 911-928.
Ridge, T. (2009). Living with poverty: A review of the literature on children's and families' experiences of poverty- Research Report No 594. London: Department for Work and Pensions.
Ruslinawati, A. G. (2014). Penghayatan 'aqidah dalam kalangan pelajar Politeknik Sultan Abdul Halim Mu'adzam Shah (POLIMAS): Satu analisis. Kedah: Jabatan Pengajian AmPoliteknik Sultan Abdul Halim Mu'adzam Shah.
Sapora Sipon. (2008). Keberkesanan kaunseling kelompok pemusatan insan, rasional emotif tingkah laku dan psikologi kongnitif ad-din ke atas pengurangan tahap tekanan guru. Jurnal PERKAMA, Bilangan (14). Persatuan Kaunseling Malaysia.
Shukri Ahmad, Y. D., Abdullah, W. A. R. K. W., Ibrahim, M. M., & Hussain, S. F. M (2014). Penghayatan solat dan pengimarahan masjid: Kajian dalam kalangan pelajar Universiti Utara Malaysia. In: 2nd International Conference on Social Sciences Research (ICSSR 2014), 9-10 June 2014, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, MALAYSIA.
Siagian, S. P. (1989). Teori motivasi dan aplikasinya. Jakarta: Bina Aksara.
Siti Raba'ah Hamzah, Turiman Suandi & Azimi Hamzah. (November 2015). Pengaruh kepercayaan, motivasi dan niat terhadap golongan belia dalam aktiviti sukarela di Malaysia. International Journal of Education and Training (InjET), 1(2), 1-10.
Sivanathan, N., and Pettit, N. C. (2010). Protecting the self through consumption: Status goods as affirmational commodities. J. Exp. Soc. Psychol. 46, 564-570.
Solahuddin Ismail (2009). Pembentukan organisasi cemerlang: Pandangan islam dalam melantik pemimpin. Jurnal Usuluddin, 207-220.
Steele, C. M. (1988). The psychology of self-affirmation: Sustaining the integrity of the self. Advances in experimental social psychology, 21, 261-302.
Taormina, R. J., & Gao, J. H. (2013). Maslow and the motivation hierarchy: Measuring satisfaction of the needs. The American Journal of Psychology, 126(2), 155-177.
Tengku Sarina Aini. (2007). Keperluan motivasi dalam pengurusan kerja berkualiti dari perspektif pemikiran Islam. Jurnal Usuluddin, 25, 103-124.
Uma Sekaran (2000), Research methods for business a skill building approach. New York: John Wiley & Son, h.91.
Vohs, K. D., and Heatherton, T. F. (2001). Self-Esteem and threats to self: implications for self-construals and interpersonal perceptions. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 81, 1103-1118.
Wan Liz Ozman Wan Omar. (1996). Pengurusan Islam abad ke-21. Kuala Lumpur: Utusan Publications & Distributors Sdn. Bhd.
Wayne, S.J., Shore, L.M., Bommer, W.H. & Tetrick, L.E. (2002). The role of fair treatment and rewards in perceptions of organizational support and leader-member exchange. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(3), 590-598.
Wilkinson, R.G. (1996). Unhealthy societies. London: Routledge.
Wilson, J. (2000). Volunteering. Annual Review of Sociology, 26, 215-240. doi:10.1146/ annurev.soc.26.1.215
Worldwide, C., & Oxfam, G. B. (2011). Walking the talk: Cash transfers and gender dynamics. Concern Worldwide and Oxfam.
Yahya, M., & Sa'ari, C. Z. (2016). Program zikrullah dan aktiviti kerohanian asas pembangunan spiritual golongan belia perlu perhatian (PP) dalam merealisasikan gagasan Negara zikir Brunei Darussalam. GJAT, 6(1), 101-112.
Published
2019-07-04
How to Cite
TOTO NGADIMAN, DICKY WIWITTAN; YACOOB, Salmy Edawaty; WAHID, Hairunnizam.
Self-Esteem Levels of the Indebted Lower-Income Group and the Role of Organizations in the Plantation Sector.
Melayu: Jurnal Antarabangsa Dunia Melayu, [S.l.], v. 12, n. 2, p. 238-254, july 2019.
ISSN 2682-8049.
Available at: <https://jurnal.dbp.my/index.php/Melayu/article/view/5546>. Date accessed: 22 dec. 2024.
Section
Articles
