Reconstruction of the Consonant Phoneme of Proto Rio De Panagim
Abstract
The Linggi dialect is reported to have its own phonological structure, distinguishing it from its closest Melaka-Johor-Riau variant. A historical linguistic investigation was done in the Kuala Linggi region, also known as Rio De Panagim, to determine the extent to which this Malay dialectal phenomenon is parallel. The data observation procedure for the application of the historical linguistic theory of structuralism in the North Melaka region involves a total of eight focal areas. The techniques used in the field include dialogue, recording, interview, acting, and the submission of photos. The first finding of this study shows that the ancient form of Kuala Linggi (Proto-Malay dialect of Kuala Linggi) has 18 ancient consonants, namely *p, *b,
*t, *d, *k, *ɡ, *m, *n, *ɲ, *ŋ, *s, *ɣ, *h, *tʃ, *ʤ, *l, *w, and *j. Secondly, on the basis of the retention of Proto-Malayic characteristics at the initial syllable and the last closed syllable, this study suggests that the Kuala Linggi dialect is more identical to the Melaka-Johor variant than the Linggi-Negeri-Sembilan variant. This
simultaneously positions the Kuala Linggi dialect under the Melaka-Johor variation branch and at the borderline of the Linggi mixed dialect’s spread. However, this conclusion is far from convincing based on this small study alone. Therefore, this study strongly suggests that these findings be strengthened by additional research on Kuala Linggi diphthongs and vowels, thereby completing the historical linguistics
study of the region.
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References
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2. Abdul Halim Nasir. (2005). Lembangan sungai dalam peradaban Melayu. Penerbit Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.
3. Adelaar, K. A. (1992). Proto-Malayic: The reconstruction of its phonology and parts of its lexicon and morphology. Pacific Linguistics.
4. Ahmad Mahdzan Ayob. (1983). Kaedah penyelidikan sosioekonomi: Suatu pengenalan. Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
5. Ajid Che Kob, & Mohd Tarmizi Hasrah. (2009). Dialek Melayu Pahang: Tinjauan di Sungai Jelai. Jurnal Persatuan Linguistik, 9, 61-76.
6. Asmah Haji Omar. (2015). Kaedah penyelidikan bahasa di lapangan (Edisi kedua). Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
7. Asmah Haji Omar. (1977). Kepelbagaian ciri fonologi dialek-dialek Melayu. Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
8. Asmah Haji Omar. (1999). Mengumpul data: Kaedah penyelidikan lapangan huluan dengan tumpuan kepada pengumpulan kata. Dewan Bahasa, 43(8), 674-680.
9. Asmah Haji Omar. (2015a). Susur galur bahasa Melayu (Edisi kedua). Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
10. Asmah Haji Omar. (2015b). Susur galur bahasa Melayu (Edisi kedua). Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
11. Ayatrohaedi. (1979). Dialektologi: Sebuah pengantar. Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan.
12. Begbie, P. J. (1834). The Malayan Peninsula: Embracing the history, manners and customs of the inhabitants, politics, natural history of &c. from it’s earlier records. Vepery Mission Press.
13. Blust, R. (2000). Why lexicostatistics doesn’t work: The `universal constant’ hypothesis and the Austronesian languages. In C. Renfrew, A. McMahon, & L. Trask (Eds.), Time depth in Historical Linguistics (Vol. 2, pp. 311-331). The McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, 2000.
14. Campbell, L. (2013). Historical linguistics: An introduction (3rd ed.). Edinburgh University Press.
15. Collins, J. T. (1983). Dialek Pahang: Rangka pengenalan (Bahagian Pertama). Jurnal Dewan Bahasa, 27, 7-29.
16. Collins, J. T. (1985a). Dialek Melayu di Kampung Landai, Pahang: Menuju penelitian tatabahasa Melayu di kalangan orang asli. Dewan Bahasa, 29(7), 476-493.
17. Collins, J. T. (1985b). Fonologi dalek Melayu Tioman dan rekonstruksi bahasa Melayu induk. Dewan Bahasa, 29(5), 369-383.
18. Collins, J. T. (1989). Malay dialect research in Malaysia: The issue of perspective. Bijdragen Tot de Taal-, Land- En Volkenkunde, 145(no 2/3), 235-264. http://www.jstor.org/stable/27864031
19. Collins, J. T. (1999). Wibawa bahasa: Kepiawaian dan kepelbagaian. Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
20. Crowley, T. (1997). An introduction to historical linguistics (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press.
21. Crowley, T., & Bowern, C. (2010). An introduction to historical linguistics (4th ed.). Oxford University Press.
22. Crystal, D. (2008). A dictionary of linguistics and phonetics (6th ed.). Blackwell Publishing.
23. Geisler, H., & List, J.-M. (2009). Beautiful trees on unstable ground: Notes on the data problem in lexicostatistics. Arbeitstagung Der Indogermanischen Gesellschaft 2009: Die Ausbreitung Des Indogermanischen. Thesen Aus Sprachwissenschaft, Archäologie Und Genetik, 1-12. www.uni-ulm.de
24. Hoijer, H. (1956). Lexicostatistics: A critique. Language, 32(1), 49. https://doi.org/10.2307/410652
25. Idris Aman, Mohammad Fadzeli Jaafar, & Norsimah Mat Awal. (2015). Dialek Negeri Sembilan: Sikap kefahaman dan jati diri. Penerbit Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.
26. Ismail Hussein. (1973). Malay dialect in the Malay Peninsula. Jurnal Nusantara, 3, 69-79.
27. Kondrak, G. (2009). Identification of cognates and recurrent sound correspondence in word lists. Traitement Automatique Des Langues, 50(2), 201-235.
28. Linn, M. D. (1983). Informant selection in dialectology. American Speech, 58(3), 225-243. https://doi.org/10.2307/455229
29. Lister, M. (1887). The Nĕgri Sĕmbilan: Their origin and constitution. Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, 19, 35–53.
30. McCarthy, J. J. (2007). What is optimality theory? Language and Linguistics Compass, 1(4), 260-291. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-818x.2007.00018.x
31. Mohd Pilus. (1978). Dialek Negeri Sembilan dan dialek umum bahasa Melayu. Dewan Bahasa, 8, 586-597.
32. Mohd Tarmizi Hasrah, Rahim Aman, & Shahidi A H. (2011). Rekonstruksi dalaman dialek Hulu Pahang Purba ( Dhpp ). Jurnal Linguistik, 14, 1-18.
33. Mohd Tarmizi Hasrah, Shahidi A. Hamid, & Rahim Aman. (2013). Inovasi dan retensi dalam dialek Hulu Tembeling. GEMA Online Journal of Language Studies, 13(3), 211-222.
34. Muhammad Norsyafiq Zaidi, Rahim Aman, & Shahidi A. Hamid. (2021). Genetik purba dialek Melayu: Di lembangan tengah Sungai Pahang [Ancient genetics of Malay Dialects: In the central basin of the Pahang River]. Penerbit Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.
35. Nik Safiah Karim, & Ton Ibrahim. (1977). Penyelidikan bahasa di Ulu Tembeling. Jabatan Pengajian Melayu.
36. Norhalim Ibrahim. (1998). Sejarah Linggi: Pintu gerbang sejarah pembangunan Negeri Sembilan. Fajar Bakti.
37. Nurliayana Zainal Abidin, & Adi Yasran Abdul Aziz. (2016). Perbandingan inventori vokal dialek Kelantan dan Negeri Sembilan. Jurnal Antarabangsa Alam dan Tamadun Melayu (Iman), 4(2), 73-81. http://journalarticle.ukm.my/
38. Nursuhada Saufi, Ummielmassyuria Zulkipli, Nurul Zafirah Amran, Amirah Ayuni Muslim, & Farah Nur Amira Hasmat. (2017). Peralihan vokal /i/, /o/ dan /a/ dalam dialek Melaka. E-Bangi: Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 2(Isu istimewa 2), 92-103.
39. Radford, A. (1988). Transformational grammar: A first course Cambridge textbooks in linguistics. Cambridge University Press.
40. Rahim Aman. (1997). Keesahan leksikostatistik menangani isu perbandingan bahasa. Jurnal Dewan Bahasa, 41(2), 170-174.
41. Mohammad Raza, Zakaria, Mohamad Pauzi Zakaria, & Nor Rasidah Hashim. (2011). Spatial and temporal variation of organic carbon in mangrove sediment of Rembau-Linggi Estuary, Malaysia. World Applied Sciences Journal, 14(Exploring Pathways to Sustainable Living in Malaysia: Solving the Current Environmental Issues), 48-54.
42. Reniwati. (2012). Bahasa Minangkabau dan dialek Negeri Sembilan: Satu tinjauan perbandingan linguistik historis komparatif. Jurnal Ilmu Sosial Dan Humaniora, 3(1), 71-86.
43. Samsul Rijal, Y. (2006). Persepsi sosiobudaya masyarakat Bugis-Makasar. Dlm. Asmah Haji Omar (Ed.), Sama Serumpun (pp. 141-152). Penerbit Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris.
44. Teoh, B. S. (1994). The sound system of Malay revisited. Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
45. The International Phonetic Association. (1999). Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the international phonetic alphabet. Cambridge University Press.
46. Wilkinson, R. J. (1921). Sungai Ujong. Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, 83, 123-141.
47. Zaharah Mahmud. (1970). The period and the nature of “traditional” settlement in the Malay Peninsula. Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, 43(2), 81-113.
48. Zainal Abidin Ahmad. (1925). The origin of some Malay place-names. Journal of the Malayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, 3(1), 79–82
Published
2022-12-13
How to Cite
ZAIDI, Muhammad Norsyafiq et al.
Reconstruction of the Consonant Phoneme of Proto Rio De Panagim.
Melayu: Jurnal Antarabangsa Dunia Melayu, [S.l.], v. 16, n. 1, p. 1-32, dec. 2022.
ISSN 2682-8049.
Available at: <http://jurnal.dbp.my/index.php/Melayu/article/view/8382>. Date accessed: 09 oct. 2025.
doi: https://doi.org/10.37052/jm.16(1)no1.
Section
Articles
