'Ainulmardiyyah: A Heavenly Reward Promised by Acehnese Jihad Texts
Abstract
The sanctity of Acehnese conceptualisation of jihad for the promise of heaven becomes apparent via a heavenly houri called 'Ainulmardiyyah. She is the maiden waiting for her "husbands" in the heaven who fall in the battlefield. This paper discusses the portrayal of ʻAinulmardiyyah (maidens in heaven for a Muslim martyr) in the most celebrated Acehnese text on Islamic holy war, Hikayat Prang Sabi (HPS). The hikayat text is first approached philologically to verify the adaptations that likely have been made. Methods of commentary are employed by comparing the portrayal of the houri in the hikayat and other texts with holy war themes. The texts are then approached semantically to analyse any underlying concepts and standard vocabularies used in text on the female charm. Hence, this guides this paper to formulate a pattern of how portrayal of the houri is used to spur the mujahidin to fight for the dignity of their religion and state. It is found that the endorsement of 'Ainulmardiyyah in the Hikayat Prang Sabi text is subject to Islamic teaching that is transmitted not only through the Qur'an and the sunnah, but also numerous Islamic eschatological texts heralding the holiness of martyrdom in jihad. The promise of the tantalising reward of heaven is also intensified by socio-political factors throughout Aceh's history.
References
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Mukhlis & Herman, R. N. (2021). Inspirational stories in the Hikayat Prang Sabi as character education that souls jihad Aceh. Psychology and Education, 58(2), 4344–4360.
Muyassir. (2021). The attitude of rejection of colonialism in Aceh as reflected in Hikayat Prang Sabil by Teungku Chick Pante Kulu. Journal of English Education and Social Science, 1(1), http://www.journal.umuslim.ac.id/index.php/jeess/articlèview/340
Natar, A. N. (2015). Realitas perempuan dalam Kidung Agung menurut teologi feminis. Diskursus-Jurnal Filsafat dan Teologi STF Driyarkara, 14(2), 249–69.
Noriah Taslim. (2010). Narrative of war: Acehnese perception of the Prang Kaphe in 19/20th century colonial era. Institute of the Malay World and Civilisation, 26, 139–153.
Perry, S., & Hasisi, B. (2015). Rational choice rewards and the jihadist suicide bomber. Terrorism and Political Violence, 27(1), 53–80.
Riley-Smith, J. (2004). Der Aufruf von Clermont und seine Folgen. In H.-J. Kotzur (Ed.). Die Kreuzzüge. Kein Krieg ist heilig. Verlag Philipp von Zabern.
Robbins, M. L., Focella, E. S., Kasle, S., Lopez. A. M., Weihs, K. L., & Mehl, M. R. (2011). Naturalistically observed swearing, emotional support, and depressive symptoms in women coping with illness. Health Psychology, 30(6), 789–92.
Rustomji, N. (2010). Early views of paradise in Islam. Religion Compass, 4(3), 166–75.
Muhammad Sahlan, Ade Ikhsan Kamil, Iromi Ilham, Khairul Amin. (2021). “Dari Ainal Mardhiah ke si Kakek Merah”: Ethnography of the community response towards COVID-19 pandemic [Proceedings]. International Conference on Social Science, Political Science, and Humanities (ICoSPOLHUM), Atlantis Press SARL, 495, 209–214.
Schimmel, A. (1995). Die Zeichen Gottes: Die religiose Welt des Islam. CH Beck.
Schröter, S. (2019). Politischer Islam: Stresstest fur Deutschland (2nd ed.). Gütersloher Verlagshaus.
Schumann, O. (2008). Jihad for whom? The radicalization of religion as a response to policitcal oppression: From Turkish to Indonesian Islam. Journal of Indonesian Islam, 2(2), 240–266.
Shahab, I. F., Ismail, M., Suud, Y. A., Kalim, N., & Utari, F. D. R. (2005, January 10). Requiem untuk Aceh.” Tempo. https://majalah.tempo.co/read/layar/97540/requiem-untuk-Aceh.
Siegel, J. T. (1969). The rope of God. University of California Press.
Snouck Hurgronje, C. (1906). The Achehnese (Vol. 2). E. J. Brill.
Stone, T. E., McMillan, M., & Hazelton, M. (2015). Back to swear one: A review of English language literature on swearing and cursing in western health settings. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 25, 65–74.
Syarwan Ahmad. (2018). Hikayat Prang Sabi and combating zeal of the Acehnese fighters during the Dutch Occupation. In A. Widyanto & R. Yusni (Eds.). Ar-Raniry international conference on Islamic studies (pp. 198–212). Ar-Raniry Press.
Syukri Rizki. (2019). Hikayat Prang Sabi: Acehnese Jawi as a medium of successful da’wa [Proceeding]. International Conference on Da’wa and Communication, 1(1), 170–183.
Syukri Rizki. (2020). Flexibility of Prang Sabi verses: Ever-changing Acehnese perceptions of holy war. Jurnal Masyarakat dan Budaya, 22(2), 227–242.
Taufiqur Rahman. (2016). The trajectory of the discourse of jihad in Indonesia. Analisa Journal of Social Science and Religion, 1(2), 160–179.
The Qur’an. (A. Yusuf ‘Ali, Trans.). (2008). Saba Islamic Media.
Voorhoeve, P. (1994). Catalogue of Acehnese manuscripts in the library of Leiden University and other collections outside Aceh. Leiden University Library.
Al-Bukhari, M. I.I. (1997). The translation of the meanings of shahiḥ al-Bukhari (M. M. Khan, Trans.). Maktaba Dar us Salam.
Al-Dawoody, A. M. (2009). War in Islamic law: Justifications and regulations [Doctoral dissertation]. The University of Birmingham, Birmingham.
Al-Falimbani, ‘A. S. (2020). Nasiḥah al-muslimin wa tazkirah al-mu’minin fī fada’il al-jihad fi sabil allah wa karamat al-mujahidin. In I. Harju Al-Jawi (Ed). Maktabah At-Turmusy Litturos.
Al-Jauzi, I. (2002). Menuai taman surga. Pustaka Azzam.
Al-Maqdisi, I. T. (1994). Musir al-garam ila ziyarah al-quds wa al-syam. Dar al-Jil.
Al-Raniri, N. (1929). Bad’u khalq al-samawat wa al-ard. Mustafa Al-Babi Al-Halabi wa Auladuh.
Al-Sanʻani, M. I. (1993). Musir al-garam ila taibah wa al-balad al-haram. Dar al-Haramayn.
Al-Sawi, A. M.(2006). Hashiyat al-sawi ʻala tafsir al-jalalayn. Shirkah Al-Quds.
Al-Razi, F. D. (1990). Al-tafsir al-kabīr aw mafatiḥ al-gaib (14th ed.). Dar al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiyyah.
Ali Muhammad & Hiariej, E. (2021). Deradicalization program in Indonesia radicalizing the radicals. Cogent Social Sciences, 7(1), 43–48.
Asriani. (2018). Analisis unsur intrinsik dalam Hikayat Prang Sabi karya Teungku Chiek Pante Kulu. [Seminar]. Seminar Internasional Riksa Bahasa, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia, Indonesia. http://proceedings.upi.edu/index.php/riksabahasa/article/view/164/157
Atik Wartini. (2013). Tafsir feminis M. Quraish Shihab: Telaah ayat-ayat gender dalam tafsir Al-Misbah. Palastren, 6(2), 473–94.
Cut Maya Aprita Sari, Kartini Aboo Talib @ Khalid & Shazlin A. Hamzah. (2022). From “song of war” to “song of peace”: The role of Hikayat Prang Sabi for Acehnese ethnonationalism. Cogent Arts & Humanities, 9(1), 2062894, 1–23.
Edriana Noerdin. (2005). Politik identitas perempuan Aceh. Women Research Institute.
Esposito, J. L. (2003). The Oxford dictionary of Islam. Oxford University Press.
Feldman, G., Huiwen, L., Kosinski, M., & David, S. (2017). Frankly, we do give a damn: The relationship between profanity and honesty. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 8(7), 816–26.
Firestone, R. (1999). Jihad: The origin of holy war in Islam. Oxford University Press.
Ibn al-Jawzi, A. F. A. R. (1995). Musir al-garam al-sakin ila asyraf al-amakin. Dar al-Hadit.
Ibn al-Nahhas. (2002). Masyariʻ al-asywaq ila masariʻ al-ʻusysyaq wa musir al-garam ila dar al-salam, fī al-jihad wa-fadaʼilih. Dar al-Basha’ir al-Islamiyah lil-Tiba‘ah wa-al-Nashr wa-al-Tawzi‘.
Ibrahim Alfian. (1992). Sastra perang: Sebuah pembicaraan mengenai Hikayat Perang Sabil. Balai Pustaka.
Imran T Abdullah. (2000). Ulama dan Hikayat Perang Sabil dalam perang Belanda di Aceh. Jurnal Humaniora, 12(3), 239–252.
Isamudin, N. F. A. N. (2018). Hurun ʻin dalam Al-Qur’an(Analisis terhadap tafsir Al-Misbah dan tafsir Al-Jalalayn) [Doctoral dissertation] Universitas Islam Negeri Sulthan Thaha Saifuddin, Jambi.
Kartomi, M. (2010). The musical arts in Aceh after the tsunami and the conflict. In Harrison, K., Mackinlay, E. and Pettan, S. (Eds.). Applied ethnomusicology: Historical and contemporary approaches (pp. 200–213). Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
Ma’luf, L. (2003). Al-munjid fi al-lugah wa al-aʻlam. Dar al-Mashriq.
Michael, R. (1979). La production du texte. Seuil.
Mohammed Hafez. (2007). Martyrdom mythology in Iraq: How jihadists frame suicide terrorism in videos and biographies. Terrorism and Political Violence, 19(1), 95–115.
Mukhlis & Herman, R. N. (2021). Inspirational stories in the Hikayat Prang Sabi as character education that souls jihad Aceh. Psychology and Education, 58(2), 4344–4360.
Muyassir. (2021). The attitude of rejection of colonialism in Aceh as reflected in Hikayat Prang Sabil by Teungku Chick Pante Kulu. Journal of English Education and Social Science, 1(1), http://www.journal.umuslim.ac.id/index.php/jeess/articlèview/340
Natar, A. N. (2015). Realitas perempuan dalam Kidung Agung menurut teologi feminis. Diskursus-Jurnal Filsafat dan Teologi STF Driyarkara, 14(2), 249–69.
Noriah Taslim. (2010). Narrative of war: Acehnese perception of the Prang Kaphe in 19/20th century colonial era. Institute of the Malay World and Civilisation, 26, 139–153.
Perry, S., & Hasisi, B. (2015). Rational choice rewards and the jihadist suicide bomber. Terrorism and Political Violence, 27(1), 53–80.
Riley-Smith, J. (2004). Der Aufruf von Clermont und seine Folgen. In H.-J. Kotzur (Ed.). Die Kreuzzüge. Kein Krieg ist heilig. Verlag Philipp von Zabern.
Robbins, M. L., Focella, E. S., Kasle, S., Lopez. A. M., Weihs, K. L., & Mehl, M. R. (2011). Naturalistically observed swearing, emotional support, and depressive symptoms in women coping with illness. Health Psychology, 30(6), 789–92.
Rustomji, N. (2010). Early views of paradise in Islam. Religion Compass, 4(3), 166–75.
Muhammad Sahlan, Ade Ikhsan Kamil, Iromi Ilham, Khairul Amin. (2021). “Dari Ainal Mardhiah ke si Kakek Merah”: Ethnography of the community response towards COVID-19 pandemic [Proceedings]. International Conference on Social Science, Political Science, and Humanities (ICoSPOLHUM), Atlantis Press SARL, 495, 209–214.
Schimmel, A. (1995). Die Zeichen Gottes: Die religiose Welt des Islam. CH Beck.
Schröter, S. (2019). Politischer Islam: Stresstest fur Deutschland (2nd ed.). Gütersloher Verlagshaus.
Schumann, O. (2008). Jihad for whom? The radicalization of religion as a response to policitcal oppression: From Turkish to Indonesian Islam. Journal of Indonesian Islam, 2(2), 240–266.
Shahab, I. F., Ismail, M., Suud, Y. A., Kalim, N., & Utari, F. D. R. (2005, January 10). Requiem untuk Aceh.” Tempo. https://majalah.tempo.co/read/layar/97540/requiem-untuk-Aceh.
Siegel, J. T. (1969). The rope of God. University of California Press.
Snouck Hurgronje, C. (1906). The Achehnese (Vol. 2). E. J. Brill.
Stone, T. E., McMillan, M., & Hazelton, M. (2015). Back to swear one: A review of English language literature on swearing and cursing in western health settings. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 25, 65–74.
Syarwan Ahmad. (2018). Hikayat Prang Sabi and combating zeal of the Acehnese fighters during the Dutch Occupation. In A. Widyanto & R. Yusni (Eds.). Ar-Raniry international conference on Islamic studies (pp. 198–212). Ar-Raniry Press.
Syukri Rizki. (2019). Hikayat Prang Sabi: Acehnese Jawi as a medium of successful da’wa [Proceeding]. International Conference on Da’wa and Communication, 1(1), 170–183.
Syukri Rizki. (2020). Flexibility of Prang Sabi verses: Ever-changing Acehnese perceptions of holy war. Jurnal Masyarakat dan Budaya, 22(2), 227–242.
Taufiqur Rahman. (2016). The trajectory of the discourse of jihad in Indonesia. Analisa Journal of Social Science and Religion, 1(2), 160–179.
The Qur’an. (A. Yusuf ‘Ali, Trans.). (2008). Saba Islamic Media.
Voorhoeve, P. (1994). Catalogue of Acehnese manuscripts in the library of Leiden University and other collections outside Aceh. Leiden University Library.
Published
2023-10-30
How to Cite
RIZKI, Syukri; MANAN, Abdul.
'Ainulmardiyyah: A Heavenly Reward Promised by Acehnese Jihad Texts.
Malay Literature, [S.l.], v. 36, n. 2, oct. 2023.
ISSN 2682-8030.
Available at: <https://jurnal.dbp.my/index.php/MalayLiterature/article/view/8714>. Date accessed: 26 dec. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.37052/ml36(2)no1.
Section
Articles
