Criticism Metaphors in the Legend of the Marriage Proposal to Puteri Gunung Ledang: A Pragmatic Analysis
(Metafora Kritikan dalam Mitos Peminangan Puteri Gunung Ledang: Analisis Pragmatik)
Abstract
This study focuses on criticism of the King's attitude and leadership, as metaphorized by the traditional writers in the legend of Puteri Gunung Ledang. The analysis was conducted using a pragmatic approach, employing the ad hoc concept of the relevance theory,and supported by Bridging Cross Reference, whereas the data used were extracted from the Malay Annals (1997). The results of the study indicate that the legend of Puteri Gunung Ledang was created with the aim of conveying the people's criticisms of the King during that particular era. The true meaning of these metaphoric criticisms can only be discerned through a reasonable pragmatic analysis. The findings also reveal the reason why these criticisms were not made directly. Through this theoretical study, it can be concluded that the traditional Malay writers were intellectuals who incorporated important messages figuratively in myths and legends intertwined with history.
Key words: metaphor, criticism, myth, relevance theory, pragmatic
References
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Barbara Andaya. (2006). The Flaming Womb Repositioning Women in Early Modern Southeast Asia. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press.
Bottoms, J.C. (1965). Some Malay historical sources: a bibliography note. Dlm. Soedjatmoko, Mohammad Ali, Resink, G.J., & g. Mc T. Kahin (pnyt.). An Introduction to Indonesian Historiography. (Hlm. 156-193). New York: Cornell University Press.
Braginsky, V.I. (1994). Erti Keindahan dan Keindahan Erti dalam Kesusasteraan Melayu Klasik. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
Brakel, L.F. (1980). "Dichtung und Wahrheit: Some Notes on the Development of the Study of Indonesian Historiography". Archipel. 20. pp. 35 - 44.
Campbell, J., Wormald, P., John, E. (1972). The Anglo-Saxons. New York: Penguin Books.
Carlton, C. (1990). Royal Mistresses. New York: Routledge.
Carston, R. (2002). Thoughts and Utterances: The Pragmatics of Explicit Communication. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
Crawfurd, J. (1820). History of the Indian Archipelago: Containing an Account of the Manners, Arts, Languages, Religions, Institutions and Commerce of It Inhabitants. Edinburgh: A. Constable and Co.
Digby, S. (1975). Akbar the Great. Vol.III. Society and Culture in 16th Century India by Ashirbadi Lal Srivastava. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. Vol. 38. No. 2. pp. 463.
Ding Choo Ming. (2009). Manuskrip Melayu Sumber Maklumat Peribumi Melayu. Bangi: Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.
De Jong, P.E De Josselin. (1964). Ciri Sejarah Melayu. Dlm. Zahrah Ibrahim (pnyt.) Sastera Sejarah: Interpretasi dan Penilaian. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
Ensiklopedia Dunia Melayu. (1997). Jilid 4. Kuala Lumpur: Piramid Perdana (M) Sdn. Bhd.
Ensiklopedia Malaysiana. (1996). Jilid 10. Kuala Lumpur: Anzagain Sdn. Bhd.
Giles, J.A. (1866). William of Malmesbury's Chronicle of the Kings of England. London: Bell & Daldy.
Goodyear, F.R.D. (1972). The Annals of Tacitus: Annals 1.55 - 81 and Annals 2. Cambridge: University Press.
Hurgronje, C.S. (1988). "Nog iets over de Salsilah van Kotei". BKI. No.37. pp. 145 - 159.
Hussain Othman. (2009). Malay Historical Thought. Batu Pahat: Penerbit Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia.
Ismail Hussein. (1974). The Study of Traditional Malay Literature with A Selected Bibliography. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
Glenn, J. D., King, J.G., & Hillyer, J.F. (2010). Structural Mechanics of the Mosquito Heart and Its Function in Bidirectional Hemolymph Transport. Journal of Experimental Biology. 213: 541- 550.
Kamus Dewan. (2010). Ed ke-4. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa Dan Pustaka.
Leo, D. H. (2004). Genghis Khan the Conqueror of the World. New York: I.B Tauris.
Liang L. J. (2009). Lembaran Sejarah Gemilang Hubungan Empayar Melaka - Dinasti Ming Abad ke-15. Bangi: Penerbit UKM.
Maier, Hendrik M. J. (1988). In the Center of Authority: The Malay Hikayat Merong Mahawangsa. New York: Cornell University.
Maizura Osman & Nor Hashimah Jalaluddin. (2013). Pemetaforaan Mitos: Kebjaksanaan Pengarang Melayu Tradisional Memahami Khalayak. Dlm. Nor Hashimah Jalaluddin (pnyt.). Perihal Keintelektualan dan Kepengarangan Dalam Teks Tradisional. Bangi: Penerbit Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.
Maizura Osman & Nor Hashimah. (2014). Social Criticism via Myth and Metaphors: An Ad Hoc Analysis. Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences. Vol. 118, 265 - 272.
Miller, R.A (1983). The Magical and Ritual Use of Herbs. USA: Destiny Books.
Mohd. Taib. (1988). Bunga Rampai: Aspects of Malay Culture. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
Morford, M.P.O., & Lenardon, R.J. (1985). Classical Mythology. Ed. Ke-3. New York: Longman.
Muhammad Haji Salleh. (1991). The Mind of the Malay Author. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
Muhammad Haji Salleh. (1997). Sulalat-al-Salatin, Yakni Perteturun Segala Raja-raja. Kuala Lumpur: Yayasan Karyawan dan Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
Muhammad Haji. (2006). Romance and Laughter in the Archipelago: Essays on Classical a Contemporary Poetics of the Malay World. Pulau Pinang: Penerbit Universiti Sains Malaysia.
Muhammad Yusoff. (1992). Pensejarahan Melayu; Kajian tentang Tradisi Sejarah Melayu Nusantara. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
Noriah Taslim. (1993). Teori dan Kritikan Sastera Melayu Tradisional. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
Oh T.J., Kim M.Y., Park K.S., & Cho Y.M. (2012). Effects of Chemosignals From Sad Tears and Postpradial Plasma on Appetite and Food Intake in Humans. PLoS ONE. 7(8): e42352.
Ratsch, C. & Muller-Ebeling, C. (2013). The Encyclopedia of Aphrodisiacs: Psychoactive Substances for Use in Sexual Practices. Rochester, Vt. : Park Street Press.
Reid, A. (1985). From Betel-Chewing to Tobacco - Smoking in Indonesia. The Journal of Asian Studies. Vol. 44. No. 3. 529-547.
Rips, L. (1995). Literal Meaning. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Robert, B. (1969). "King Mongkut of Siam and His Treaty with Britain". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society Hong Kong Branch. The University of Hong Kong Libraries Vol. 9, 82 - 100.
Romero, Esther & Soria, B. (2014). Relevance Theoryand Metaphor. Linguagem em (Dis) Curso. 14 (3): 489 - 509.
Ruzy Suliza, Ungku Maimunah, Nor Hashimah & Zulkarnaen Mohamad. (2012). Circulating Women as Objects of Trade in Malay Historical Texts. Asian Journal of Social Science. 40(2012) 34 - 50.
S. Othman. (1997). Pemikiran Satira dalam Novel Melayu. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
Shani Gelstein, Yaara Yeshurun, Liron Rozenkrantz, Sagit Shushan, Idan Frumin & Yehudah Roth. (2011). Human Tears Contain a Chemosignal. Science. Vol. 331, 226 - 230.
Siti Hawa. (2009). Kelopak pemikiran sastera Melayu. Bangi: UKM.
Soma Mukherjee. (2001). Royal Mughal Ladies and Their Contributions. New Delhi: Gyan Publishing House.
Smith, M.D. (pnyt.). (2004). Encyclopedia of Rape. USA: Greenwood Publishing Group.
Sweeney, Amin. (1974). The Rama Repertoire in the Kelantan Shadow Play: A Preliminary Report. Dlm. Traditional Drama and Music of Southeast Asia. Mohd Taib Osman (pnyt). Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
Wilson, D. & Carston, R. (2006). Metaphor, Relevance and the 'Emergent Property' Issue. Mind and Language. 21: 404 - 433.
Winstedt, R.O. (1969). A History of Classical Malay Literature. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press. http://www.microbeworld.org. Dilayari pada 17 Mac 2016.
Published
2018-01-01
How to Cite
JALALUDDIN, Nor Hashimah; OSMAN, Maizura.
Criticism Metaphors in the Legend of the Marriage Proposal to Puteri Gunung Ledang: A Pragmatic Analysis.
Melayu: Jurnal Antarabangsa Dunia Melayu, [S.l.], v. 11, n. 1, p. 19-46, jan. 2018.
ISSN 2682-8049.
Available at: <https://jurnal.dbp.my/index.php/Melayu/article/view/2698>. Date accessed: 04 may 2024.
Section
Articles
