The Historical Background of Monetary Borrowing Practices among the Malays
(Susur Galur Amalan Berhutang dalam Kalangan Masyarakat Melayu)
Abstract
The Malay Community from the past to the present is often associated with debt. This paper describes the reason and the behavior of the Malays involved in monetary borrowing since before Malaysia achieved independence. This paper uses a qualitative method and the description is based on past studies, historical records and Bank Negara Malaysia's Annual Report 2015. We found that the Malays fall into debt not just to meet their necessities in the case of poor people, but in the case of the rich, for luxury and to improve their social status. The practice of monetary borrowing has had a detrimental impact on the present generation, as thousands of hectares of Malay land were pledged to the Chettiars, as a result of failure to repay debt due to high interest rates and oppressive creditors. Going into debt for reasons other than necessity is still the practice today.
Keywords: Malay community, debt, Chettiar community, Malay land
References
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Rokiah Talib. (1995). Credit and customer culture in Malaysia. Dalam Dimension of Tradition and development in Malaysia. Selangor: Pelanduk Publication.
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Sudin Harun, Norafifah Ahmad, & Planisek, S. L. (1994). Bank patronage factors of Muslim and non-Muslim customers. International Journal of Bank Marketing, 12(1), 32 - 40.
Sudin Haron (2005). Sistem kewangan dan perbankan Islam. Kuala Lumpur: Kuala Lumpur Business School Sdn. Bhd.
Swettenham, F. (1948). British Malaya: An account of the origin and progress of British influence in Malaya. London: J. Lane.
Syed Mohammad Syed Hassan Shahabudin, & Knowles, M. G. (1958). The three milliondollar wedding. Malaya in History IV(2), 10 - 12.
T. A. Ridwan. (2001). Bahasa Melayu: Peranan dan nilai-nilai moralisme di dalamnya. Dalam Yaacob Harun, Kosmologi Melayu. Kuala Lumpur: Akademi Pengajian Melayu.
Ummadevi Suppiah, & Sivachandralingam Sundra Raja (2012). Kedudukan ekonomi Chettia di Tanah Melayu 1945 - 1957. Sejarah (Jurnal Jabatan Sejarah, Universiti Malaya), (20), 24.
Ummadevi Suppiah, & Sivachandralingam Sundra Raja. (2013). Sejarah asal-usul dan kegiatan ekonomi Chettia di Tanah Melayu. Jebat: Malaysian Journal of History, Politics & Strategy, 40(1), 63 - 90.
Household debt. (2016, Januari). The Economist. Capaian daripada https://www.economist.com/news/economic-and-financial-indicators/21578669-household-debt.
Wan Marhaini Wan Ahmad, Asmak Ab. Rahman, Nor Aini Ali, & Azizi Che Seman. (2006). Religiosity and banking selection criteria amongst Malays in Malaysia. Kertas kerja dalam INCEIF Islamic Banking and Finance Educational Colloquium, 3 - 5 April 2006.
Zainal Kling. (1980). Sistem nilai tradisi Melayu. Kertas kerja dalam Seminar Nilai dan Norma Masyarakat Melayu. Kota Kinabalu, 10 – 11 Mac 1980.
Affifudin Omar. (2014). Melayu permasalahan political-economynya sepanjang zaman. Kuala Lumpur: Vinlin Press Sdn. Bhd.
Ahmad Azrin Adnan. (2010). Penentu pemilihan bank dalam kalangan Muslim (Tesis Ijazah Doktor Falsafah tidak diterbitkan). Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang.
Ahmad Nazri Abdullah. (1985). Melayu dan tanah: Tumpuan khusus kepada tanah simpanan Melayu. Kuala Lumpur: Media Intelek Sdn. Bhd.
Alijah Gordon. (1999). The real cry of Syes Shaykh al-hady. Kuala Lumpur: Malaysia Sociological Research Institute.
Azharudin Mohd. Dali. (2012). Sejarah Masyarakat India di Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur: Universiti Malaya.
Azharuddin Mohd. Dali. (2009). Cettiar di Tanah Melayu pada abad ke-20. Sejarah, (17), 153 - 176.
Bank Negara Malaysia. (2013). Laporan Tahunan 2013. Kuala Lumpur: Bank Negara Malaysia, p. 73.
Bank Negara Malaysia. (2015). Laporan Tahunan 2015. Kuala Lumpur: Bank negara Malaysia.
Chamhuri Siwar. (1978). Kehendak dan bentuk reformasi tanah di Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
C.O. 273 Straits Settlements Original Correspondence. 1905 - 1946.
Erol, C., & El-Bdour, R. (1989). Attitude, behavior and patronage factors of bank customers towards Islamic banks. International Journal of Bank Marketing, 7(6), 31 - 37.
Erol, C., Kaynak, E., & El-Bdour, R. (1990). Conventional and Islamic bank: Patronage behavior of Jordanian customers. International Journal of Bank Marketing, 8(5), 25 - 35.
Faridzwan Abdul Ghafar. (2011, 24 November). Tanah orang Melayu RM2b kini milik ceti - Waris Pulau Pinang tumpang tanah sendiri. Berita Harian. Capaian daripada http://www2.bharian.com.my/bharian/articles/TanahorangMelayuRM2bkinimilikceti/Article.
Frank Athelstane Swettenham. (1895). Malay sketches. Edisi Ketiga. London dan New York: John Lane The Bodley Head.
Hailani Mujhi Tahir dan Sanep Ahmad. (2009). Aplikasi fiqh muamalat dalam sistem kewangan Islam. Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam: Pusat Penerbitan Universiti (UPENA).
Insun Sony Mustapha. (1999). Memoir Mustapha Hussain. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
Ishak Saat. (2009). Malaysia (1945 - 2000). Kuala Lumpur: Utusan Publication & Distributors Sdn. Bhd.
Jasni Sulong. (2016). Pengaruh Budaya Melayu dalam Gelagat Pembahagian Harta Pusaka di Malaysia. Melayu: Jurnal Antarabangsa Dunia Melayu, 9(1).
Kratoska, Paul H. (1975). Proconsuls, yeomen and rice farmers cultural categories in British Malaysia (Tesis Ijazah Doktor Falsafah tidak diterbitkan). University of Chicago, USA.
Mackenzie, C. (1954). Realms of silver: One hundred years of banking in the east. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
Mohd. Kamal Azman Jusoh. (2014). Konsep hutang dalam Islam: Satu kajian terhadap kefahaman dan amalan kakitangan UiTM (Tesis tidak diterbitkan). Universiti Sains Malaysia.
Mohd. Kamal Hassan. (1980). Nilai-nilai universal Islam tentang kesejahteraan masyarakat. Kertas kerja dalam Seminar Nilai dan Norma Masyarakat Malaysia. Kementerian Kebudayaan Belia dan Sukan, Malaysia & Kementerian Kebudayaan Belia dan Sukan Kota Kinabalu, Kota Kinabalu, 10 - 11 Mac.
Mohd. Nazari Ismail. (2016) "Sistem Ekonomi Semasa Punca Utama peningkatan Beban Hutang" dalam Hutang Isi Rumah Malaysia: Cabaran dan Penyelesaian. Selangor. Institut Kemajuan Islam Malaysia.
Mohamad Zain Musa dan Nik Hassan Shuhaimi Nik Abdul Rahman. (2010). Peranan budaya dalam mempromosikan keharmonian di Asia Tenggara. Jurnal Terjemahan Alam & Tamadun Melayu, 1(2).
Muhammad Ayub. (2007). Understanding Islamic finance. England: John Wiley & Son.
Nor Aini Ali, Wan Marhaini Wan Ahmad, Azizi Che Seman, & Asmak Ab. Rahman. (2006). Religiosity and choice of banking in Malaysia. Proceedings of International Conference Environment Challenges of Service Industry in Asia Pacific. Jakarta, Indonesia.
Nuraini Abdullah dan Mohamad Fazli Sabri, "Faktor Peramal Pengurusan Hutang dalam Kalangan Pekerja Muda" dlm International Journal of Education and Training (InjET) Bil 2:2, 2016.
Nur Aisyatul Radiah Alidaniah, Sanep Ahmad, Mohd. Ali Mohd. Noor, & Mohammed Rizki Moi. (2015). Gelagat hutang isi rumah mengikut kaum di Bandar Baru Bangi, Selangor. Malaysian Journal of Society and Space, (11).
Razli Ramli, Khairul Sabudin, & Khairul Anuar Hashim. (2011). Panduan asas perbankan Islam. Kuala Lumpur: IBFIM.
Raja Mohar Raja Badiozaman. (1975). Malay land reservation and alienation. Intisari, 1(2).
Rokiah Talib. (1995). Credit and customer culture in Malaysia. Dalam Dimension of Tradition and development in Malaysia. Selangor: Pelanduk Publication.
Roza Hazli Zakaria, Radiah Abdul Kader, Noor Ismawati Mohd. Jaafar, & Sabitha Marican, (2012). Burgeoning household debt: An Islamic economic perspective. Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research, 12(9).
Samsudin Jidin. (2010). Penyelesaian ceti haram: Pengurusan kewangan secara sistematik. Capaian daripada http://emuamalat.islam.gov.my/sites/default/files/kertas_ilmiah/ 2010/04/bnm_Nota_ceramah.pdf
Sharom Ahmat. (1984). Kedah-tradition and change in Malay State: A study of the economic and political development:1778–1923. Monograph No. 12. Malayan Branch Royal Asiatic Society.
Surat-Menyurat Sultan Abdul Hamid Halim Shah No. 6. T.H.1314-1317H/1896 - 1899M.
Sudin Harun, Norafifah Ahmad, & Planisek, S. L. (1994). Bank patronage factors of Muslim and non-Muslim customers. International Journal of Bank Marketing, 12(1), 32 - 40.
Sudin Haron (2005). Sistem kewangan dan perbankan Islam. Kuala Lumpur: Kuala Lumpur Business School Sdn. Bhd.
Swettenham, F. (1948). British Malaya: An account of the origin and progress of British influence in Malaya. London: J. Lane.
Syed Mohammad Syed Hassan Shahabudin, & Knowles, M. G. (1958). The three milliondollar wedding. Malaya in History IV(2), 10 - 12.
T. A. Ridwan. (2001). Bahasa Melayu: Peranan dan nilai-nilai moralisme di dalamnya. Dalam Yaacob Harun, Kosmologi Melayu. Kuala Lumpur: Akademi Pengajian Melayu.
Ummadevi Suppiah, & Sivachandralingam Sundra Raja (2012). Kedudukan ekonomi Chettia di Tanah Melayu 1945 - 1957. Sejarah (Jurnal Jabatan Sejarah, Universiti Malaya), (20), 24.
Ummadevi Suppiah, & Sivachandralingam Sundra Raja. (2013). Sejarah asal-usul dan kegiatan ekonomi Chettia di Tanah Melayu. Jebat: Malaysian Journal of History, Politics & Strategy, 40(1), 63 - 90.
Household debt. (2016, Januari). The Economist. Capaian daripada https://www.economist.com/news/economic-and-financial-indicators/21578669-household-debt.
Wan Marhaini Wan Ahmad, Asmak Ab. Rahman, Nor Aini Ali, & Azizi Che Seman. (2006). Religiosity and banking selection criteria amongst Malays in Malaysia. Kertas kerja dalam INCEIF Islamic Banking and Finance Educational Colloquium, 3 - 5 April 2006.
Zainal Kling. (1980). Sistem nilai tradisi Melayu. Kertas kerja dalam Seminar Nilai dan Norma Masyarakat Melayu. Kota Kinabalu, 10 – 11 Mac 1980.
Published
2018-01-01
How to Cite
ISMAIL, Nor Asmat; RAHIM, Hainnur Aqma.
The Historical Background of Monetary Borrowing Practices among the Malays.
Melayu: Jurnal Antarabangsa Dunia Melayu, [S.l.], v. 11, n. 1, p. 110-127, jan. 2018.
ISSN 2682-8049.
Available at: <https://jurnal.dbp.my/index.php/Melayu/article/view/2764>. Date accessed: 05 may 2024.
Section
Articles
