Discovering the Factors that Trigger Malay-Chinese Conflict after the Japanese Occupation
(Api dalam Sekam: Menelusuri Faktor Pencetus Konflik Perkauman Melayu-Cina Selepas Pendudukan Jepun)
Abstract
This paper examines the factors that sparked tensions between the Malays and the Chinese after the Japanese military rule in Malaya. The Pangkor Treaty of 1874 had changed the British colonial landscape in Malaya. Imperialism and colonialism led to the influx of immigrants in Malaya and the loss of the rights of the Malays in their own homeland. The Japanese military rule gave opportunity to the communists to commit atrocities, especially when legitimising their power. This sowed the seeds of prejudice which then resulted in Malay-Chinese racial conflict in Malaya. The Malays, who had been ill-treated by the colonialists, began to think about the nation's survival. The present research employed a historical approach methodology, colonial records and interviews with local informants to study existing problems. It shows that Malay-Chinese conflict raised nationalistic feelings among the Malays to stand up against their colonizers.
Keywords: Pangkor Treaty, imperialism and colonialism, Japan, Malay-Chinese conflict, nationalism
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Abu Talib Ahmad. (2006, 1 - 4 Disember). Darurat dan Perpaduan antara Kaum. Persidangan Kebangsaan mengenai Dato' Onn Jaafar, Johor Bahru.
Berita Minggu, 2 Oktober 2011a, "Masih Dihantui Ancaman Pengganas".
Berita Minggu, 2 Oktober 2011b, "Tinggal Kampung Halaman Takut Kekejaman Komunis".
Burridge, Kenelm, O. L. (1951). Racial relations in Johore. Australian Journal of Politics and History, II(2) Mei.
BMA/ADM/8/45-21/2/46-30/4/46: Petition from Perak Labour Union for The Release of Chen Hoong Ming and Leong Chin Chok.
Cheah Boon Kheng. (1983). Red star over Malaya: Resistance and social conflict during and after the Japanese occupation of Malaya, 1941 - 1946. Singapore: Singapore University Press.
CAJ 134/46, 1946: 2.
CO 273/675/12: Future policy New Constitution, Initial Relations with Malay Sultans on The Liberation of Malaya.
CO 537/1533: Policy-Chinese Affairs in Malaya.
CO 537/1548: Policy: Malaya: Malay Attitude-1946.
CO 537/1572: British Military Administration Malaya-Monthly Reports.
CO 537/1580: Growth of Inter Racial Feeling in Malaya (SECRET).
CO 537/2140: HQ Malaya Command Fortnightly Intelligence Review No. 56, 7 Mei 1947 (SECRET).
CO 537/3750: Political Developments Review of Chinese Affairs (SECRET).
CO 537/3755: 10.
CO 537/3757: Malaya: Chinese Affairs and Correspondence with Mr. H.T. Pagden-1948.
CO 717/143/18, Durbar of Rulers of F.M.S. DOLP. 60/45: (i) Resettlements of Reguees (ii) Application for Agricultural Loans-13.10.45 20.2.48.
DOLP. 101/45: Penghulus Conference-26.11.45 - 22.12.47.
Fajar Asia, 25 Ichigatsu 2603: 9.
Fajar Asia, No. 5, 13 Shigatsu 2603, Tahun 1: 135.
Fajar Asia, No. 8, 31 Gogatsu 2603: 239.
FO 371/27734: 1941-China, Membership of The Kuo-Min-Tang (Parliamentary Question), 30 Jul. 1941.
FO 371/27751: Chinese Schools in Malaya-Control-1941.
FO 371/35924: Conditions in Malaya: Report-1943.
FO 371/41625: Special Article I Received from The South SEAS.
Hairi Abdullah. (1973). Kebangkitan dan Gerakan Tentera Selendang Merah dalam Sejarah Daerah Muar dan Batu Pahat, JEBAT, 3/4, 1973/4, 1974/5.
Ishak Saat. (2009). Malaysia 1945 - 2000. Kuala Lumpur: Utusan Publications and Distributors Sdn. Bhd.
INF. 66/1947, 6 Okt. 1947: 72.
Khoo Kay Kim. (1981). Sino-Malaya Relations in Peninsular Malaysia Before 1942. Journal of Southeast Asian History, 12(1).
Mansor Mohd. Noor, Abdul Rahman Abdul Aziz, Mohamad Ainuddin Iskandar Lee. (2006). Hubungan Etnik di Malaysia. Selangor: Pearson Malaysia Sdn. Bhd.
Mingguan Malaysia, 4 September 2011, "Kekejaman PKM Tetap Dirasa".
MU. Sec. 7097/46: Stray Pigs in Malay Holdings, Minor Offences Enact. Sect. 22 (Cap 46). Mingguan Malaysia, 4 September 2011
NS. SEC. 653/1947: Complains Against The Sale During The Japanese Occupation of EMR 1780, Mukim of Ulu Muar, by Her Late Husband, Che Jamin bin Hj. Mohd Nor.
Purcell, Victor. (1948). The Chinese in Malaya. London: Oxford University Press.
PK. SEC. 2/46: Communal Disturbances.
Phg. Conf. 67/50: Activities of Che Omar bin Midun, Penghulu Bera with The Bandits.
RCJ. 241/46: Ulu Tiram Massacre and Exhumation of Dead Bodies, 30.4.46-12.11.47.
Roff. William, R. (1967). Nasionalisme Melayu. Kuala Lumpur: Penerbit Universiti Malaya.
SUKJ. 6203/1945: Outstation Reports And Correspondence Muar, 19.9.45 - 27.11.45, Pejabat Setiausaha Kerajaan Johor (BMA/SCAO.J) 1945.
SP98/161/1, The Social and Psychological Roots of Communalism in Malaysia by Professor Dr. Syed Hussein Alatas.
Saudara, 15 November 1930.
Saudara, 1 Ogos 1934.
Seruan Ra'ayat, 14 November 1945, "Renchana Pengarang, Perkelahian China-Melayu".
Seruan Ra'ayat, 20 November 1945, "Fikiran Orang-Ramai, Sultan Junjongan Ra'ayat".
Semangat Asia, Bilangan Khas, 15 Nigatsu, Syowa 18, 2603 (1943).
Sullivan, Patrick. (1982). Social relations of dependence in a Malay State: Nineteenth century Perak. Kuala Lumpur: Art Printing Works.
Siti Rodziyah Nyan. (2009). Akhbar Saudara. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
Ting Chew Peh. (1981). Konsep asas sosiologi. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
Vasil, R.K. (1980). Ethnic politics in Malaysia. New Delhi: Radiant Publishers.
WO 172/9773: War Diary.
WO 203/3994: Intelligence-Malaya (TOP SECRET).
WO 203/4491, Oct. 45-1946 Mar.: 1.
WO 203/5302: Chinese Political Parties in Malaya (TOP SECRET).
WO 203/5553: Malaya-Communist Guerillas in North Malaya (TOP SECRET and PERSONAL).
WO 203/5642: Malaya Political Climate-Interviews by British Military Admin with Sultans Aug/Dec 45.
WO 203/5660: Malaya's Political Climate Report Oct 1945-March 1946 (TOP SECRET).
Tuan Haji Ali bin Haji Yusuf (2009, 19 Mac) (Kampung Parit Maimun, Batu Pahat, Johor. Personal Interview.
Tuan Haji Abdul Azizbin Shaari (2008, 20 November) (Kampung Kubang Udang, Bekor, Kuala Kangsar, Perak). Personal Interview.
Tuan Haji Ali Badron bin Haji Sabor (2012, 22 Oktober) (Surau Jalan Omar, Batu Pahat, Johor). Personal Interview.
Tuan Haji Baharuddin bin Haji Salleh (2008, 6 Jun). (Bekas Setiausaha Am Bintang Tiga di Parit 13A, Sungai Manik, Perak). Personal Interview.
Tuan Haji Jaafar bin Kamari (2009, 18 Mac) (Kampung Parit Maimun, Simpang Kiri, Batu Pahat, Johor). Personal Interview.
Tuan Haji Ugoh bin Haji Mohamad Said (2008, 6 Jun) (Parit 3 B, Sungai Manik, Perak). Personal Interview.
Published
2019-01-11
How to Cite
HANIFFA, Mohamed Ali; RAMBELY, Nor Azlah Sham; MOHAMAD, Ayu Nor Azilah.
Discovering the Factors that Trigger Malay-Chinese Conflict after the Japanese Occupation.
Melayu: Jurnal Antarabangsa Dunia Melayu, [S.l.], v. 12, n. 1, p. 109-123, jan. 2019.
ISSN 2682-8049.
Available at: <https://jurnal.dbp.my/index.php/Melayu/article/view/3997>. Date accessed: 29 apr. 2024.
Section
Articles
