The Communist Movement and the CPM: A Study of the Communist Effort to Influence the Malays 1920-1989
(Gerakan Komunis dan PKM: Penelitian terhadap Usaha Komunis Mempengaruhi Orang Melayu 1920-1989)
Abstract
Efforts of the communists and Communist Party of Malaya (CPM) in influencing the Malay community in Peninsular Malaysia began in the 1920s. These efforts began with the presence of communist agents from Indonesia attempting to influence the Malays to join the communist movement in the Malay states. These efforts continued during the Japanese occupation through the establishment of the Malayan People's Anti-Japanese Army (MPAJA) or "Three Stars". Hence, communist efforts could be seen during the Emergency through to the establishment of a Malay militant group, that is, the 10th Malay Regiment in Pahang in 1949. Although the CPM's first movement (1948-1960) was not successful, the CPM did not despair in their struggle. Thus, when the CPM re-emerged in Peninsular Malaysia in June 1968, they continued with their efforts to influence the Malays. To that end, the communists spread the propaganda that communism and Islam could work together for the advancement of the Malay community. They were present at mosques and prayed together with the Malays. However, the efforts of the communists were not well received by the Malay community who held fast to Islam. Their failure to secure the support of the Malays eventually led to their defeat and hence the failure of the CPM to gain control of Malaysia.
Keywords: Communist Party of Malaya, communist movement, Malay community, 10th Malay Regiment, propaganda
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Abdullah Zakaria Ghazali, Ho Hui Ling, Mahmud Embong, 2009. Darurat di Kelantan 1948-1960: Pengalaman dan Iktibar. Kota Bharu: Perbadanan Muzium Negeri Kelantan.
Ancaman Kepada Perpaduan Umat Islam dan Keselamatan Negara, 1984. Kuala Lumpur: Jabatan Percetakan Negara.
Bedlington, Stanley S., 1978. Malaysia and Singapore: The Building of New States. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press.
Berita Harian, 10 September 1968; 11 November 1969; 18 Disember 1969; 30 November 1982; 13 November 1983; 31 Julai 1985.
Cheah Boon Kheng, 1979. The Masked Comrades: A Study of The Communist United Front in Malaya, 1945-1948. Singapore: Times Books International.
Cheah Boon Kheng, 1992. From PKI to The Comintern, 1924-1941: The Apprenticeship of The Malayan Communist Party. Ithaca: Cornell University.
Cheah Boon Kheng, 2003. Red Star Over Malaya: Resistance & Social Conflict During and After The Japanese Occupation, 1941-1946. Third Edition. Singapore: Singapore University Press.
Chin, Aloysius, 1995. The Communist Party of Malaya: The Inside Story. Kuala Lumpur: Vinpress.
Chin, C.C. dan Karl Hack (ed.), 2004. Dialogues With Chin Peng: New Light on The Malayan Communist Party. Singapore: Singapore University Press.
Coates, John, 1992. Suppressing Insurgency: An Analysis of The Malayan Emergency, 1948-1954. Boulder: Westview Press.
Communism in Malaysia and Singapore, Mac 1971.
Cross, J.P., 1989. Jungle Warfare: Experiences and Encounters, London: Arms and Armour Press, Artillery House.
Dewan Masyarakat, Jilid 29, Bil. 7, Julai 1991.
Emergency Leaflets No. 131, dalam Penang Secretariat RCP/PR/1049/48.
Far Eastern Department Original Correspondence, Colonial Office Series No. 1030, CO1030.
Federation of Malaya Annual Report 1955, Kuala Lumpur: Government Press, 1956.
Gwee Hock Aun, 1966. The Emergency in Malaya. Penang: Sinaran.
Hanrahan, Gene Z., 1971. The Communist Struggle in Malaya. Kuala Lumpur: University Malaya Press.
Ho Hui Ling, "Bintang Tiga dan Darurat di Negeri Selangor: Satu Perbincangan Umum", Malawati" dlm. Jurnal Sejarah Negeri Selangor Darul Ehsan Bil. 4, 2001
Ho Hui Ling, 2004. Darurat 1948-1960: Keadaan Sosial di Tanah Melayu. Kuala Lumpur: Penerbit Universiti Malaya.
Ho Hui Ling, 2010a. Pembanterasan Komunis di Tanah Melayu. Kuala Lumpur: Penerbit Universiti Malaya.
Ho Hui Ling, "Kebangkitan Semula Parti Komunis Malaya (PKM) di Malaysia Pada Tahun 1968: Satu Tinjauan" dlm. Purba Bil. 29, 2010b.
Ho Hui Ling, 2011. Darurat 1948-1960: Keadaan Sosial di Tanah Melayu. Cetakan Kedua.Kuala Lumpur: Penerbit Universiti Malaya.
Ho Hui Ling, 2011. "Zaman Darurat, 1948-1960: Kegiatan Komunis dan Langkah-langkah Kerajaan Membanteras Komunis" dlm. Abdullah Zakaria Ghazali dan Mohd. Rodzi Hj. Ahmad (ed.), Perak: Warisan, Budaya & Sejarah. Kuala Lumpur: Persatuan Muzium Malaysia.
Ho Hui Ling, 2012 . "Pembanterasan Komunis Pada Zaman Darurat, 1948-1960" dlm. Abdullah Zakaria Ghazali, Mardiana Nordin (ed.), Kedah: Warisan dan Sejarah. Bangi: Ikatan Arkeologi Malaysia.
Ho Hui Ling, 2012 . "Gerakan Komunis di Gua Musang, Kelantan Pada Zaman Darurat, 1948-1960" dlm. Abdullah Zakaria Ghazali dan Ho Hui Ling (ed.), Warisan Kelantan XXX. Kota Bharu: Perbadanan Muzium Negeri Kelantan.
Ho Hui Ling, "Kegagalan Gerakan Bersenjata Parti Komunis Malaya (PKM), 1948-1960: Satu Analisis" dlm. Malaysia dari segi Sejarah, Bil. 38, 2010.
J.J. Raj, Dato', 2000. The War Years & After. Subang Jaya: Pelanduk Publications.
Kenyataan Ketua Polis Negara, Tan Sri Mohd. Haniff bin Omar di T.V. Malaysia, pada 4hb Februari 1977, mengenai "Perjuangan Barisan Bersatu Komunis Malaya".
Mahmud Embong, "Penglibatan Orang Melayu dalam Pergerakan Komunis Peringkat Awal di Tanah Melayu, 1924-1938" dlm. Purba, Bil. 11, 1992a.
Mahmud Embong, 1992b. "Komunisme dan Orang Melayu, 1924-1949" dlm. Kobkua Suwannathat-Pian, Rohany Nasir, Mohammad Agus Yusoff (pnyt.), Dua Dekad Penyelidikan: Sejarah-Bahasa dan Kebudayaan. Bangi: Penerbit Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.
Majalah Bulanan Malaya, Jilid 3, Bil. 7, 1958.
Malay States Original Correspondence, Colonial Office Series No. 717, CO717.
Malaysia 1969 Official Year Book, Vol. 9, Kuala Lumpur: Government Press, 1971.
McVey, Ruth T., 1965. The Rise of Indonesian Communism. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Miller, Harry, 1972. Jungle War in Malaya: The Campaign Against Communism, 1948-1960. London: Arthur Barker Ltd.
Miller, 1973. Harry, Riot and Revolution in Singapore and Malaya 1945-1963. London: Faber and Faber Limited.
Mingguan Malaysia, 3 Disember 1989.
Mohamed Salleh Lamry, 2006. Gerakan Kiri Melayu dalam Perjuangan Kemerdekaan.Bangi: Penerbit Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.
Mohd. Reduan Haji Asli, 1993. Pemberontakan Bersenjata Komunis di Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
Muhammad Ghazali Shafie, Tan Sri, 1976. Subversive Activities: How They are Disrupted. Kuala Lumpur: Jabatan Penerangan.
Munchul-nya Semula Anchaman Komunis Bersenjata di Malaysia Barat, 1971. Kuala Lumpur: Jabatan Chetak Kerajaan.
New Straits Times, 10 May 1988.
O'Ballance, Edgar, 1960. Malaya: The Communist Insurgent War, 1948-60. London: Faber and Faber.
Pengaman, Majalah Polis Diraja Malaysia, April-Jun 1975.
Pengaman, Majalah Polis Diraja Malaysia, Jilid 38, 1986.
Purcell, Victor, 1955. Malaya: Communist or Free? California: Stanford University Press.
Pye, Lucien W., 1956. Guerrilla Communism in Malaya: Its Social and Political Meaning.New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
Second Supplement to Federation of Malaya Government Gazette, Vol. 1, No. 13, 23 July 1948.
Short, Anthony, 1975. The Communist Insurrection in Malaya 1948-1960. London: Frederick Muller.
Sim, Richard, 1979. Malaysia: Containing the Communist Insurgency. London: Institute For The Study of Conflict, August, 1979.
Sinar Zaman, Jilid 4, Bilangan 2, Februari 1975.
Straits Settlement Original Correspondence, Colonial Office Series No. 273, CO 273.
Stubbs, Richard, 1989. Hearts and Minds in Guerrilla Warfare: The Malayan Emergency 1948-1960. Singapore: Oxford University Press.
The China Press, 30 July 1960.
The Communist Threat to The Federation of Malaya, 1959. Kuala Lumpur: Government Press.
The Malaya Tribune (Kuala Lumpur), 17 June 1948, hlm. 1; 24 July 1948.
The Militant Communist Threat to West Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur: Ministry of Home Affairs, October 1966.
The Path of Violence to Absolute Power, 1968. Kuala Lumpur: Jabatan Chetak Kerajaan.
The Straits Times, 17 June 1948; 26 January 1951; 30 July 1969; 31 December 1976.
Records of the Foreign and Commonwealth Office and Predecessors Series No. 15, FCO15.
Records of the Foreign and Commonwealth Office and Predecessors Series No. 24, FCO24.
Utusan Malaysia, 5 Jun 1974; 27 Ogos 1975.
Yong, C.F., 1997. The Origins of Malayan Communism. Singapore: South Seas Society.
Published
2015-01-01
How to Cite
LING, Ho Hui.
The Communist Movement and the CPM: A Study of the Communist Effort to Influence the Malays 1920-1989.
Melayu: Jurnal Antarabangsa Dunia Melayu, [S.l.], v. 8, n. 1, p. 63-92, jan. 2015.
ISSN 2682-8049.
Available at: <https://jurnal.dbp.my/index.php/Melayu/article/view/4501>. Date accessed: 05 may 2024.
Section
Articles
