Historical Existence and the Definition of Street Children in the Contexts of Malaysian Law
(Sejarah Kewujudan Golongan Kanak-Kanak Jalanan dan Definisi dalam Konteks Perundangan Malaysia)
Abstract
Historically, street children have been the result of rapid technological advances, leading to the migration of people from rural areas to big cities. However, due to several factors that thwart their efforts to improve their lives, street children come into being. To date, the issue of street children has still met a dead end. In addition to the problems they face in terms of economic, social and environmental aspects, the main drawback is the absence of a clear definition of 'street children' as it concerns various categories of children on the streets. The absence of a definitive definition not only hinders data collection and further information concerning this group but makes it challenging to help them. This paper discusses the history of street children, definitions by several authors, terms used to refer to 'street children' in Malaysia, an explanation of the Childrens' Act 2001 (Act 611) and issues that arise therefrom.
Keywords: Street children, definition, Child Act 2001 (Act 611), human rights, discrimination
References
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T. Hecht. (1998). At Home in the Street: Street Children of Northeast Brazil. New York: Cambridge University Press.
T. Zarazadeh. ((2013). Investigating the Status of the Street Children: Challenges and Opportunities. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 84, 1432.
The Physical Deterioration of the Textile Workers, The Life of the Industrial Worker in Ninteenth-Century England. (n.d.). The Victiorian Web. Capaian daripada http://www.victorianweb.org/history/workers2.html (18 Mei 2018).
UNICEF. (1984), Latin America Seminar on Community Alternatives for Street Children. Brasilia, Brazil, November 12-15.
UNICEF 'Protection of Children Living on the Street'.(n.d.). Capaian daripada https://www.unicef.org/bangladesh/PCAR.pdf (19 Februari 2018).
United Nations Human Rights. (2011). Protection and Promotion of the Rights of Children Working and/or Living on the Street, hlm 10.
West, Andrew. (2003). At the Margins Street: Children in Asia and the Pacific. Poverty and Social Development Paper No. 8/2003. Regional and Sustainable Development Department, Asian Development Bank.
A. Bhukuth & J. Ballet. (2015). Children fo the Street: Why are they in the Street? How do they live? Economics and Sociology, 8(4), 135.
A. Invernizzi. (2001). Street Children in Africa, Asia and Eastern Europe - Annotated Bibliography (StraBenkinder in Afrika, Asien und Osteuropa - Eine kommentierte Bibliographie). Bonn: Deutsche Kommission Justitie et Pa, 79-81.
Akta 611 Jabatan Kebajikan Masyarakat Malaysia.
Akta Kanak-Kanak 2001 (Akta 611).
Akta Antipemerdagangan Orang dan Antipenyeludupan Migran 2007 (Akta 670).
A.M. Ball. (1994). And Now My Soul is Hardened Abandoned Children in Soviet Russia, 1918-1930. University of California Press, London, United Kingdom, Preface.
A. Veale. (1992).Towards a Conceptualisation of Street-Children: The Case from Sudan and Ireland. Trocaire Development Review, 112.
"Bukan Gelandangan, tapi Rakan Jalanan" Sinar Online 26 September 2017. Capaian daripada http://www.sinarharian.com.my/nasional/bukangelandangan-tapi-rakan-jalanan-1.735622 (4 April 2018).
Child Rights Coalition Malaysia. (2012). Status Report on Children's Rights in Malaysia. Child Rights Coalition Malaysia.
C. Panter-Brick. (2003). Street Children, Human Rights, and Public Health: A Critique and Future Directions'. Children, Youth and Environments, 13(1), 151-152.
C. O. Klingenberg & J. Jr. (2017). Industry 4.0: What makes it a Revolution? EurOMA Herriot Watt University, United Kingdom.
L.V. Neuss. (2016). Why Did the Industrial Revolution Starts in Britain? Research Gate (14 Disember 2018).
E. Volpi. (2002). Street Children: Promising Pratices and Approaches. World Bank Institute.
"Gelandangan Kini dikenali Rakan Jalanan"Berita Harian Online 27 September 2017. Capaian daripada https://www.bharian.com.my/berita/nasional/2017/09/330655/gelandangan-kini-dikenali-rakan-jalanan (12 April 2018).
G.M Burfat. (2012). The Problems of Street Children: A Sociological Study Of Urban Sindh (Unpublished Doctor of Philosophy). University of Karachi, Pakistan.
"Golongan Gelandangan kini dikenali sebagai Rakan Jalanan" Malaysia Kini 26 September 2017 https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/396405 4 April 2018.
Human Rights Council, Report of the United Nations High Commisioner for Human Rights on the Protection and Promotion of the Rights of Children Working and/or Living on the Street. A/HRC/19/35, United Nations, p. 17.
Human Rights Council, Summary of the Full-Day Meeting on the Rights of the Child Report of the United Nations High Commisioner for Human Rights, pp. 12 -13.
Rizzini & M.W Lusk. (1995). Children in the Streets: Latin America's Lost Generation. Children and Youth Services Review, 17(3), 396.
J.G. Cosgrove. (1990). Towards a Working Definition of Street Children. International Social Work, 33, 189-190.
J. Le Roux. (1996). Street Children in South Africa: Findings from Interviews on the Background of Street Children in Pretoria South Africa. Adolescence, 31(122) , 423-431.
"Kanak-Kanak Jalanan Layak Dapat Pendidikan Berkualiti" Malaysian Gazette 7 September 2017. Capaian daripada http://malaysiagazette.com/v2/blog/2017/09/07/kanak-kanak-jalanan-layak-dapat-pendidikan-berkualitipm/ 12 April 2018.
K. J. Lalor. (1999). Street Children: A Comparative Perspective. Child Abuse & Neglect, 23(8), 768.
K. M. Ferguson. (2012). Children in and of the Street. L. M. Healy and R. J. Link (Eds), Handbook of International Social Work: Human Rights, Development and Global Profession. New York: Oxford University Press. Laporan Statistik Jabatan Kebajikan Masyarakat 2016.
M. Abdul Hai. (2014). Problems Faced by the Street Children. A Study on some Selected Places in Dhaka City, Bangladesh. International Journal of Scientific & Technology Research, 3(10), 45.
M. K. Densley & D.M. Joss. (2000). Street Children: Causes and Consequences, and Innovative Treatment Approaches. Work, 15.
M. Kudenga. (2017). Behaviours of Street Children That Attract the Attention of Law Enforcement Agencies. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, 7(3) , 175.
Penambahbaikan di Sekolah Bimbingan Jalinan Kasih. (2017). Blog Rasmi Perdana Menteri Malaysia YAB Dato' Sri Najib bin Razak Najib Razak.com 7 September. Capaian daripada https://www.najibrazak.com/en/blog/penambahbaikan-di-sekolah-bimbingan-jalinan-kasih/ (12 April 2018).
Poverty and Families in the Victorian Era', Hidden Lives Revealed A Virtue Archive = Children in Care 1881-1981. https://www.hiddenlives.org.uk/articles/poverty.html (18 Mei 2018).
Profil Sekolah. (n.d). Blog Rasmi Sekolah Bimbingan Jalinan Kasih. Capaian daripada http://sekolahbimbinganjalinankasih.blogspot.my/p/profilesekolah.html (12 April 2018).
Rumah Kanak-Kanak. (n.d). Portal Rasmi Jabatan Kebajikan Masyarakat. Capaian daripada http://www.jkm.gov.my/jkm/index.php?r=portal/left&id=aFIzU3BRWGNKT2tIU2M4RWhvVzg0dz09 (25 Disember 2017).
Rumah Perlindungan (RP) ATIP. Portal Rasmi Jabatan Kebajikan Masyarakat http://www.jkm.gov.my/jkm/index.php?r=portal/left&id=eWdMdnViYVFzeHJYUHFsNlNONm5oQT09 (5 April 2018).
Rumah Tunas Harapan Portal Rasmi Jabatan Kebajikan Masyarakat. (n.d.). Capaian daripada http://www.jkm.gov.my/jkm/index.php?r=portal/left&id=a29MQ3BIVWJmMHBseWhKaVBDQWF2UT09 (5 April 2018).
S. Stephenson. (2001). Street Children in Moscow: Using and Creating Social Capital. The Sociological Review. Blackwell Publisher.
Save the Children. (2015). Life on the Street, Street Children Survey in 5 Cities: Lucknow, Mughalsarai, Hyderabad, Patna and Kolkata-Howrah. Department for International Development UK New Delhi Office, Karvey Insights Ltd & Association for Rural and Urban Needy. p, 17
'Sekolah Bimbingan Jalinan Kasih Fokus Anak Terpinggir' Portal Pilihan Guru Pelajar Sekolah GPS Bestari 15 November 2016. Capaian daripada http://www.gpsbestari.com/artikel/rencana/sekolah-bimbingan-jalinan-kasihfokus-anak-terpinggir-1.585962 (12 April 2018).
T. Hecht. (1998). At Home in the Street: Street Children of Northeast Brazil. New York: Cambridge University Press.
T. Zarazadeh. ((2013). Investigating the Status of the Street Children: Challenges and Opportunities. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 84, 1432.
The Physical Deterioration of the Textile Workers, The Life of the Industrial Worker in Ninteenth-Century England. (n.d.). The Victiorian Web. Capaian daripada http://www.victorianweb.org/history/workers2.html (18 Mei 2018).
UNICEF. (1984), Latin America Seminar on Community Alternatives for Street Children. Brasilia, Brazil, November 12-15.
UNICEF 'Protection of Children Living on the Street'.(n.d.). Capaian daripada https://www.unicef.org/bangladesh/PCAR.pdf (19 Februari 2018).
United Nations Human Rights. (2011). Protection and Promotion of the Rights of Children Working and/or Living on the Street, hlm 10.
West, Andrew. (2003). At the Margins Street: Children in Asia and the Pacific. Poverty and Social Development Paper No. 8/2003. Regional and Sustainable Development Department, Asian Development Bank.
Published
2020-01-03
How to Cite
AB RAHMAN, NURUL HIDAYAT; MAT BASIR, Salawati.
Historical Existence and the Definition of Street Children in the Contexts of Malaysian Law.
Kanun: Jurnal Undang-undang Malaysia, [S.l.], v. 32, n. 1, p. 145-164, jan. 2020.
ISSN 2682-8057.
Available at: <https://jurnal.dbp.my/index.php/Kanun/article/view/6912>. Date accessed: 04 dec. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.37052/kanun.32(1)no7.
Section
Articles
