Implications and Challenges of Malaysia's Ratification of the World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO) Treaty on Intellectual Property, Genetic Resources and Associated Traditional Knowledge

Abstract

Issues concerning the protection of genetic resources and traditional knowledge have increasingly attracted attention in international intellectual property law, particularly following the adoption of the World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO) Treaty on Intellectual Property, Genetic Resources and Associated Traditional Knowledge (GRATK Treaty 2024). This treaty represents a significant achievement, as it mandates for the first time the disclosure of the origin of genetic resources and associated traditional knowledge in patent applications, in line with global efforts to curb biopiracy and to recognise the rights of Indigenous communities. As a mega-biodiverse country rich in traditional knowledge heritage, Malaysia has yet to ratify this treaty. Accordingly, this study evaluates the suitability and implications of ratification by examining gaps within the existing legal framework, including the Patents Act 1983, Copyright Act 1987, Trademarks Act 2019, Geographical Indications Act 2022, as well as national biodiversity policies. The study employs a qualitative document analysis methodology, encompassing treaty provisions, domestic legislation, policy reports, and international biopiracy case studies, such as those of neem, turmeric, basmati, and hoodia, which are comparatively analysed alongside local herbal resources, including tongkat ali and kacip fatimah. The findings indicate that ratification of the treaty has the potential to strengthen the protection of indigenous community rights, enhance alignment with international standards, and reinforce Malaysia’s geopolitical standing in global negotiations. Nevertheless, effective implementation would require legislative amendments, institutional capacity-building, the development of traditional knowledge databases, and the establishment of fair and equitable benefit-sharing mechanisms. Therefore, a comprehensive and inclusive implementation strategy is essential to ensure that Malaysia not only safeguards its biodiversity but also upholds the sovereignty of its traditional knowledge in the era of globalisation.

Keywords: Traditional knowledge, genetic resources, biopiracy, intellectual property, patent application, ratification

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