Prevention and Punishment for Baby-Dumping according to Syariah and Civil Law in Malaysia: Is the Law Adequate?
(Pencegahan dan Hukuman Perbuatan Buang Bayi menurut Perundangan Syariah dan Sivil di Malaysia: Cukupkah Undang-undang yang Ada?)
Abstract
Baby-dumping is one of the most inhumane acts that is on the rise in Malaysia. News about such incidents is prevalent in the mass media, resulting in a cabinet decision being made that baby-dumping cases should be investigated as homicide and attempted murder in order to curb the number of incidents. This article aims at examining whether the legal framework concerning punishment and prevention are adequate to address this matter. It is found that offenders can be charged under the Penal Code and Child Act of 2001 for any offences regarding the life of a person such as murder, attempted murder, or any act causing death and injury. The Shariah Criminal Offences Act, which is applicable for such offences as close proximity, illegitimate sexual intercourse, public indecency and so on, is also adequate to curb the issue of baby-dumping. However, efforts to inform the public of these must be stepped up.
Keywords: abandoned babies, baby-dumping, murder, punishment, prevention, shariah law, civil law
References
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Akta Kanak-kanak 2001.
Akta Kesalahan Jenayah Syariah (Wilayah-wilayah Persekutuan) 1997 (Akta 559).
Akta Mahkamah Syariah (Bidang Kuasa Jenayah) 1965 (Pindaan 1984) (Akta 355).
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Azizah Mat Rashid, & Nor 'Adha Abdul Hamid. (2014). Kajian awal kerangka undang-undang sedia ada bagi anak tak sah taraf. E-Jurnal Penyelidikan dan Inovasi,(1), 84 - 99.
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Fatimah lwn Public Prosecutor [1996] 558 MLJU 1.
Gerben Bruinsma et al. (2004). Punishment, place and perpetrators:Development in criminology and criminal justice research. Devon, UK: Willan Publication.
Hashim Bedu, Khairulhelmi Katip, & Mohd. Fahmi Mohd. Sahid. (2008). Keruntuhan akhlak dan gejala sosial dalam keluarga: Isu dan cabaran. Paper presented at Seminar Kaunseling Keluarga, Fakulti Pendidikan, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia.
http://www.astroawani.com/berita-malaysia/selangor-catat-kes-pembuangan-bayi-tertinggi- rohani-150358
http://www.islam.gov.my//perananpenguatkuasaan-syariah-dalam-membendung-gejala pembuangan-bayi.
J. Andenaes. (1996). The general preventive effects of punishment. University of Pennsylvania Law Review, 114(7), 949 - 983.
Jal Zabdi Mohd. Yusoff. (2007). Aspek pencegahan dalam undang-undang perlindungan kanak-kanak di Malaysia (Unpublished doctoral thesis). Fakulti Undang-undang, Universiti Malaya.
Kanun Keseksaan (Akta 574).
Khadijah Alavi, Salina Nen, Fauziah Ibrahim, Noremy Md. Akhir, Mohd. Suhaimi Mohamad, & Noorhasliza Mohd. Nordin. (2012). Hamil luar nikah dalam kalangan remaja. Journal of Social Sciences and Humunities, 7(1), 131 - 140.
Lukman Z. Mohamad. (2006). Children in prostitutions: A study of young women in the rehabilition centres in Malaysia (Unpublished doctoral thesis). Fakulti Sains Pembangunan, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.
M. Tonry (Ed.). (2001). Penal reform in overcrowded times. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
M. Wright. (1996). Justice for victims and offenders: A restorative response to crime. United Kingdom: Waterside Press.
Manap, & Ramalinggam Rajamanickam. (2009). Isu-isu perundangan di Malaysia: Satu anjakan paradigma. Bangi: Fakulti Undang-undang.
Mohd. Al-Adib Samuri. (2012). Teori pencegahan sebagai justifikasi hukuman: Analisis perbandingan antara perundangan sivil dan Islam. Islamiyyat, 34, 131 - 143.
Mohd. Faizol bin Zainal lwn Suhaila bt. Yusoff [2014] 2 ShLR 83 - 103.
Mustafa Afifi Ab. Halim, Mohd. Mahyeddin Mohd. Salleh, Rezki Perdani Sawai, Nurhafizah Muhd. Shukor, Dini Farhana Baharuddin, Joki Perdani Sawai, & Abd. Halim Mohd. Hussin. (2013). Bayi yang dibuang: Hak dan kedudukan bayi di sisi undang-undang. Malayan Law Journal, 5, 5 - 10.
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n.n. (2010, 2 Julai). Takut, Malu Punca Remaja Buang Bayi. Berita Harian, p. 5.
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Orphan Care Children. (6 April, 2015). Every child needs a family. Retrieved from http:/ www.hati.my/children/orphancare/ at 21 Julai 2016.
Pembuangan Bayi. Bahagian Penyelaras Undang-undang, Jakim.
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Pendakwa Mahkamah Syariah Perak lwn Fatima(Jurnal Hukum 321).
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Pendakwa Syarie lwn Wan Mohd. Faizdehar bin Wan Abdullah (2012) 3 ShLR 112.
Peter Ling, Anna Teoh, & Nizam Hamdan (Eds). (2001). Penal Code (Act 574)(Revised -1997), The annotated statutes of Malaysia, with relevant subsidiary legislation. Kuala Lumpur: Malayan Law Journal.
Ramadan, & H. M. (2006). Understanding Islamic law: From classical to contemporary. United Kingdom: Altamira Press.
Ramizah Wan Muhamad. (2015). Khalwat as a moral crime in Malaysia: Issues and realities. Journal of Islam, Law and Judiciary, 1(2), 1 25.
Ratanlal, & Dhirajlal. (1988). Law of crimes (Vol. II). New Delhi: Bharat Law House.
n.n. (n.d.). Rumah perlindungan untuk wanita. Retrieved from http://www.kembarahadi.com/2012/04/rumah-perlindungan-untuk-wanita_12.html at 6 April 2015.
n.n. (2015, 17 Disember). 78 kes buang bayi dicatat sehingga Ogos. Sinar Harian.online. Retrieved from www.sinarharian.com.my/nasional/78-kes-buang-bayi-dicatat-sehingga-ogos-1.463061.
S. Mansoor. (2014, 24 Januari). Awareness Talk: Social III: Baby Dumping. Centre for Foundation Studies, IIUM, Petaling Jaya,
Siti Zubaidah Ismail, & Muhammad Zahiri Awang Mat. (2007). Polis moral dan masyarakat sifar jenayah: Cabaran Bahagian Penguatkuasaan dan Pendakwaan Jabatan Agama Islam dalam usaha pencegahan jenayah syariah (pp. 317 - 334). Surabaya: Penerbit Jabatan Usuludin dan Falsafah dan IAIN Sunan Ampel.
Siti Zubaidah Ismail. (2008). Dasar penguatkuasaan dan pendakwaan jenayah syariah di Malaysia: Satu analisis. Jurnal Syariah, 16 (Keluaran Khas), 537 - 554.
Siti Zubaidah Ismail. (2014). Hudud dan undang-undang jenayah syariah dalam kerangka perlembagaan dan sistem perundangan "dualisme": Komitmen pelaksanaan ke arah membendung jenayah di Malaysia. Jurnal Syariah, 22(2), 193 - 212.
Siti Zubaidah Ismail. (2016). The legal perspective of khalwat (close proximity) as a shariah criminal offence in Malaysia. Pertanika Journal Social Sciences & Humanities, 24(3), 905 - 917.
Suresh Narain Mulla, & Chedda Lal Gupta. (1988). Nelson's Commentary on the Indian Penal Code.
Syaidatun Nazirah Abu Zahrin, Rezki Perdani Sawai, Mohd. Shahrul Faizie Zaini, & Allawati Kasri. (2014). Pendekatan dakwah melalui 'Konsep Cinta Muslim' dalam menangani masalah sosial remaja. Al-Hikmah, 6, 21 - 34.
T. M. Massaro. (1991). Shame, culture, and American criminal law. Michigan Law Review 89(7), 1895 - 1899.
Termizi, M., Jaafar, N. I. M., Abdullah, N., Tagaranao, M. S., & Safian, Y. H. M. (2014). Comparative study of punishment and preventive methods of baby dumping: Malaysian perspectives. International Journal of Technical Research and Applications, 2(Special Issue 4), 24.
The Malaysian Outsider. (2012, 7 Julai). The rise of baby dumping in Malaysia. Retrieved from http://myrumbleswordpress.com/2012/07/07/the-rise-of-baby-dumping-in-malaysia at 15 Oktober 2014.
Undang-undang Pentadbiran Agama Islam (Perak) 1965.
Sholina Osman. (2010, 13 Ogos). Kabinet arah siasat kes buang bayi ikut Kanun Keseksaan: Hukuman mati jika sabit kesalahan. Utusan Online.Retrievedfromhttp://ww1.utusan.com.my/utusan/info.asp?y=2010&dt=0813&sec=Muka_Hadapan&pg=mh_01.htm at 9 Mei 2015.
n.n. (2014, 4 Disember). Bilangan anak luar nikah meningkat. Utusan Online.Retrieved from http://m.utusan.com.my/beritaparlimen/bilangan-anak-luar-nikah-meningkat-1.32383 at 14 Ogos 2016.
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Adesiyun, Adeboye, Saka, Abdul Kadir, Oloko, Lawal, & David. (2010). Successful outcome of an abandoned baby infested with maggots. Injury Prevention, 16 (Suppl 1), A141.
Akta Pendaftaran Pengangkatan Anak 1952.
Ainul Bashirah Ismail, Zuliza Mohd. Kusrin, & Mat Noor Mat Zain. (2012). Kesalahan khalwat dan perbuatan tidak sopan dan hukumannya menurut Islam. Jurnal Hadhari, 4(2), 65 - 88.
Akta Kanak-kanak 2001.
Akta Kesalahan Jenayah Syariah (Wilayah-wilayah Persekutuan) 1997 (Akta 559).
Akta Mahkamah Syariah (Bidang Kuasa Jenayah) 1965 (Pindaan 1984) (Akta 355).
Akta Pentadbiran Undang-undang Islam (Wilayah-wilayah Persekutuan) 1993.
Anita Abdul Rahim, Adibah Abdul Rahim, & Nazura Abdul Manap. (2012). Hukuman bagi kesalahan seksual di bawah Enakmen Jenayah Syariah Negeri Sembilan 1992: Keperluan kepada hukuman yang lebih berat. Jurnal Undang-undang dan Masyarakat, 16, 29 - 42.
Anita Abdul Rahim, Ahmad Azam Mohd. Shariff, & Ruzian Markom. (2010). Hukuman sebat menurut Akta 355: Sejauh manakah aplikasinya dalam kes-kes jenayah syariah di Malaysia? Shariah Law Reports, 3,79.
Anita Abdul Rahim, Nazura Abdul Manap, & Ramalinggam Rajamanickam. (2009). Isu-isu Perundangan di Malaysia: Satu Anjakan Paradigma. Bangi: Fakulti Undang-undang, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.
Anita Abdul Rahim, Tengku Noor Azira, Tengku Zainudin, & Ahmad Azam Mohd. Sharif. (2012). Curbing the problem of baby dumping and infanticide: A Malaysian legal perspective. The International Journal of Humanities and Social Science.2(2), 173 - 177.
Azizah Mat Rashid, & Nor 'Adha Abdul Hamid. (2014). Kajian awal kerangka undang-undang sedia ada bagi anak tak sah taraf. E-Jurnal Penyelidikan dan Inovasi,(1), 84 - 99.
Azizah Mohammad. (2007). Protection and adoption of abandoned children in Malaysia. Petaling Jaya: ILBS.Azizah Mohd., & Alhaji Umar Alkali. (2015). Crime of baby dumping: A review of Islamic, Malaysian and Nigerian laws. Pertanika Journal of Social Science & Humanities, 23(s), 67 - 82.
Azrin Ibarahim. (2015). Kepentingan hisbah dan amalannya di Malaysia. Jurnal Islam dan Masyarakat Kontemporari, 11, 32.
Badariah Sahamid. (1981). Kezaliman terhadap Isteri dan Anak. Paper presented at Seminar Wanita dan Undang-undang, Sesi Tiga (25 Ogos 1981). Persatuan Wanita Universiti, Universiti Malaya.
Bernama. (2014, 19 Jun). 26 Kes Buang Bayi Dilaporkan Suku Pertama 2014. Berita Harian.
Bernama. (2014, 19 Jun) 26 baby dumping cases in the 1st quarter of this year. New Straits Times Online. Retrieved from http://dev.nst.com.my/ node/4351?d=1.
Bernama. (2015, 4 April). 517 baby dumping cases since 2005. Retrieved from http://www. themalaysianinsider.com/malaysia/article/517-baby-dumping-cases-since-2005/>.
Effandi Nazilah Abdullah. (2014, 8 Disember). Isu khalwat dari perspektif agama dan sosial dalam prosiding dan tatatertib. Retrieved from http://agc-blog.agc.gov.my/agc- blog/?p=1107.
Enakmen Jenayah Syariah (Negeri Sembilan) 1992.
Enakmen Jenayah Syariah (Perak) 1992.
Enakmen Jenayah Syariah (Selangor) 1995.
Enakmen Kanun Jenayah Syariah (Kelantan) 1985.
Eva Susanti. (2000). Pentingnya pendidikan seks untuk remaja dan implikasinya bagi pencegahan HIV/AIDS. SIGAI, Jurnal Sosiologi, 1(1), 50 - 62.
Farid Sufian Shuaib, Tajul Aris Ahmad Bustami, & Mohd. Hisham Mohd Kamal. (2001). Administration of Islamic law in Malaysia: Text and material. Kuala Lumpur: Malayan Law Journal.
Farid Sufian Shuib. (2011). Administration of shariah criminal justice under the Malaysian constitutional framework: Issues and suggestion. Malayan Law Journal, 6, i - xvi.
Farid Sufian Shuib. (2015). Isu perlembagaan dan hak asasi manusia dalam pentadbiran keadilan jenayah syariah. Kanun: Jurnal Undang-undang Malaysia, 27(1), 35.
Fatimah lwn Public Prosecutor [1996] 558 MLJU 1.
Gerben Bruinsma et al. (2004). Punishment, place and perpetrators:Development in criminology and criminal justice research. Devon, UK: Willan Publication.
Hashim Bedu, Khairulhelmi Katip, & Mohd. Fahmi Mohd. Sahid. (2008). Keruntuhan akhlak dan gejala sosial dalam keluarga: Isu dan cabaran. Paper presented at Seminar Kaunseling Keluarga, Fakulti Pendidikan, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia.
http://www.astroawani.com/berita-malaysia/selangor-catat-kes-pembuangan-bayi-tertinggi- rohani-150358
http://www.islam.gov.my//perananpenguatkuasaan-syariah-dalam-membendung-gejala pembuangan-bayi.
J. Andenaes. (1996). The general preventive effects of punishment. University of Pennsylvania Law Review, 114(7), 949 - 983.
Jal Zabdi Mohd. Yusoff. (2007). Aspek pencegahan dalam undang-undang perlindungan kanak-kanak di Malaysia (Unpublished doctoral thesis). Fakulti Undang-undang, Universiti Malaya.
Kanun Keseksaan (Akta 574).
Khadijah Alavi, Salina Nen, Fauziah Ibrahim, Noremy Md. Akhir, Mohd. Suhaimi Mohamad, & Noorhasliza Mohd. Nordin. (2012). Hamil luar nikah dalam kalangan remaja. Journal of Social Sciences and Humunities, 7(1), 131 - 140.
Lukman Z. Mohamad. (2006). Children in prostitutions: A study of young women in the rehabilition centres in Malaysia (Unpublished doctoral thesis). Fakulti Sains Pembangunan, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.
M. Tonry (Ed.). (2001). Penal reform in overcrowded times. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
M. Wright. (1996). Justice for victims and offenders: A restorative response to crime. United Kingdom: Waterside Press.
Manap, & Ramalinggam Rajamanickam. (2009). Isu-isu perundangan di Malaysia: Satu anjakan paradigma. Bangi: Fakulti Undang-undang.
Mohd. Al-Adib Samuri. (2012). Teori pencegahan sebagai justifikasi hukuman: Analisis perbandingan antara perundangan sivil dan Islam. Islamiyyat, 34, 131 - 143.
Mohd. Faizol bin Zainal lwn Suhaila bt. Yusoff [2014] 2 ShLR 83 - 103.
Mustafa Afifi Ab. Halim, Mohd. Mahyeddin Mohd. Salleh, Rezki Perdani Sawai, Nurhafizah Muhd. Shukor, Dini Farhana Baharuddin, Joki Perdani Sawai, & Abd. Halim Mohd. Hussin. (2013). Bayi yang dibuang: Hak dan kedudukan bayi di sisi undang-undang. Malayan Law Journal, 5, 5 - 10.
Noor ‘Asyikin et al. (2015). Khalwat dalam kalangan remaja di Malaysia dan Aceh: Kajian terhadap pematuhan syariah. Kanun: Jurnal Undang-undang Malaysia, 27(2), 304.
n.n. (2010, 2 Julai). Takut, Malu Punca Remaja Buang Bayi. Berita Harian, p. 5.
n.n. (2010, 13 Ogos). Hukuman Mati Kes Buang Bayi. Berita Harian.
Orphan Care Children. (6 April, 2015). Every child needs a family. Retrieved from http:/ www.hati.my/children/orphancare/ at 21 Julai 2016.
Pembuangan Bayi. Bahagian Penyelaras Undang-undang, Jakim.
Pendakwa Mahkamah Syariah Perak lwn Dewi Hayati (Jurnal Hukum 77).
Pendakwa Mahkamah Syariah Perak lwn Fatima(Jurnal Hukum 321).
Pendakwa Syarie lwn Mohd. Nabil bin Ramli [2015] 3 ShLR 34 - 44.
Pendakwa Syarie lwn Noor Wahida bt Ahmad Azri [2013] 3 ShLR 116 - 124.
Pendakwa Syarie lwn Wan Mohd. Faizdehar bin Wan Abdullah (2012) 3 ShLR 112.
Peter Ling, Anna Teoh, & Nizam Hamdan (Eds). (2001). Penal Code (Act 574)(Revised -1997), The annotated statutes of Malaysia, with relevant subsidiary legislation. Kuala Lumpur: Malayan Law Journal.
Ramadan, & H. M. (2006). Understanding Islamic law: From classical to contemporary. United Kingdom: Altamira Press.
Ramizah Wan Muhamad. (2015). Khalwat as a moral crime in Malaysia: Issues and realities. Journal of Islam, Law and Judiciary, 1(2), 1 25.
Ratanlal, & Dhirajlal. (1988). Law of crimes (Vol. II). New Delhi: Bharat Law House.
n.n. (n.d.). Rumah perlindungan untuk wanita. Retrieved from http://www.kembarahadi.com/2012/04/rumah-perlindungan-untuk-wanita_12.html at 6 April 2015.
n.n. (2015, 17 Disember). 78 kes buang bayi dicatat sehingga Ogos. Sinar Harian.online. Retrieved from www.sinarharian.com.my/nasional/78-kes-buang-bayi-dicatat-sehingga-ogos-1.463061.
S. Mansoor. (2014, 24 Januari). Awareness Talk: Social III: Baby Dumping. Centre for Foundation Studies, IIUM, Petaling Jaya,
Siti Zubaidah Ismail, & Muhammad Zahiri Awang Mat. (2007). Polis moral dan masyarakat sifar jenayah: Cabaran Bahagian Penguatkuasaan dan Pendakwaan Jabatan Agama Islam dalam usaha pencegahan jenayah syariah (pp. 317 - 334). Surabaya: Penerbit Jabatan Usuludin dan Falsafah dan IAIN Sunan Ampel.
Siti Zubaidah Ismail. (2008). Dasar penguatkuasaan dan pendakwaan jenayah syariah di Malaysia: Satu analisis. Jurnal Syariah, 16 (Keluaran Khas), 537 - 554.
Siti Zubaidah Ismail. (2014). Hudud dan undang-undang jenayah syariah dalam kerangka perlembagaan dan sistem perundangan "dualisme": Komitmen pelaksanaan ke arah membendung jenayah di Malaysia. Jurnal Syariah, 22(2), 193 - 212.
Siti Zubaidah Ismail. (2016). The legal perspective of khalwat (close proximity) as a shariah criminal offence in Malaysia. Pertanika Journal Social Sciences & Humanities, 24(3), 905 - 917.
Suresh Narain Mulla, & Chedda Lal Gupta. (1988). Nelson's Commentary on the Indian Penal Code.
Syaidatun Nazirah Abu Zahrin, Rezki Perdani Sawai, Mohd. Shahrul Faizie Zaini, & Allawati Kasri. (2014). Pendekatan dakwah melalui 'Konsep Cinta Muslim' dalam menangani masalah sosial remaja. Al-Hikmah, 6, 21 - 34.
T. M. Massaro. (1991). Shame, culture, and American criminal law. Michigan Law Review 89(7), 1895 - 1899.
Termizi, M., Jaafar, N. I. M., Abdullah, N., Tagaranao, M. S., & Safian, Y. H. M. (2014). Comparative study of punishment and preventive methods of baby dumping: Malaysian perspectives. International Journal of Technical Research and Applications, 2(Special Issue 4), 24.
The Malaysian Outsider. (2012, 7 Julai). The rise of baby dumping in Malaysia. Retrieved from http://myrumbleswordpress.com/2012/07/07/the-rise-of-baby-dumping-in-malaysia at 15 Oktober 2014.
Undang-undang Pentadbiran Agama Islam (Perak) 1965.
Sholina Osman. (2010, 13 Ogos). Kabinet arah siasat kes buang bayi ikut Kanun Keseksaan: Hukuman mati jika sabit kesalahan. Utusan Online.Retrievedfromhttp://ww1.utusan.com.my/utusan/info.asp?y=2010&dt=0813&sec=Muka_Hadapan&pg=mh_01.htm at 9 Mei 2015.
n.n. (2014, 4 Disember). Bilangan anak luar nikah meningkat. Utusan Online.Retrieved from http://m.utusan.com.my/beritaparlimen/bilangan-anak-luar-nikah-meningkat-1.32383 at 14 Ogos 2016.
Wickneswaran a/l Kaliaperumal. (2005). Konvensyen mengenai Hak Kanak-kanak (perkara 7, perkara 6, perkara 19 CRC). Retrieved from http:/www.suhakam.org.my, ISBN 983-2523-27-3 at 21 Ogos 2016. Kuala Lumpur: Ampang Press Sdn. Bhd.
Published
2018-07-01
How to Cite
BAHORI, Adibah; ISMAIL, Siti Zubaidah.
Prevention and Punishment for Baby-Dumping according to Syariah and Civil Law in Malaysia: Is the Law Adequate?.
Kanun: Jurnal Undang-undang Malaysia, [S.l.], v. 30, n. 2, p. 339-362, july 2018.
ISSN 2682-8057.
Available at: <https://jurnal.dbp.my/index.php/Kanun/article/view/1370>. Date accessed: 23 nov. 2024.
Section
Articles
