The Courts' Approach to Sentencing for Adultery Offences and its Implication on Women and Children: A Case Study in Sudan
(Pendekatan Mahkamah Menjatuhkan Hukuman terhadap Kesalahan Zina dan Implikasinya kepada Wanita dan Kanak-kanak: Kajian Kes di Sudan)
Abstract
This article discusses adultery and rape cases in Sudan. Adultery is proven through a woman's pregnancy without the need for further proof, putting the woman in a situation that can be considered unjust, as she is considered to have committed adultery even when she could have been the victim of rape. Furthermore, rape is categorized as a form of adultery, and the courts' approach is the same, i.e. there is a requirement to bring four witnesses. As a result, rapists usually escape punishment. The suggestion is that rape should be categorized as a ta'zir offence, while the requirement for four witnesses should be done away with, while DNA evidence, witness testimony and medical reports should be made admissible to enable the punishment of rapists in a manner that will requite the suffering of the victims.
Keywords: court, Islamic criminal law, rape, adultery
References
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Sahih al-Bukhari, 1997. Kitab al-Hudud. Jilid 8. Riyadh: Darul Salam, hlm. 207.
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Abd. Al-Rahman al-Shaykh Muhammad, 1998. Majma' al-Anhur fi Sharh Multaqaa al-Abhur. Jilid 2. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyah, hlm. 185.
Abdul Kadir Audah, 1997. At-Tasyri' al-Jina'i al-Islami. Jilid 2. Beirut: Muassasah Risalah, hlm. 646.
Abdul Karim Zaidan, 1984. Nizam al-Qada fi al-Shari'at al-Halaniyah. Baghdad: Matbaah al Ani, hlm. 219.
Abdullahi Ahmed an-Na'im, 1990. Toward an Islamic Reformation: Civil Liberties, Human Rights, and International Law. Syracuse University Press, hlm. 105.
Abdur Rahman I, Doi, 1984. Shariah: The Islamic Law. London: Taha Publishers. hlm. 253.
Ahmad, Abdul Mun'im al-Bahai', 1965. Min Turuq al-Ithbatfi al-Syariah Wafi al-Qanun. Mesir: Dar al-Fikr al-'Arabi, hlm. 80.
Al-Dusuki, Muhammad bin Ahmad, 1997. Hasyiah al-Dusuki Ala al-Sharhu al-Kabir. Jilid 6. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyyah, hlm. 359.
'Ali Ahmad al-Nadwi, 2000. Al-Qawaid Al-Fiqhiyah: Mafliumuha, Nashatuha, Tathawwuruha, DirasatuMualallafatihaAdillatuha, Muhimmatuha, Tathbiqatuha. Damsyik: Dar al-Qalam, hlm. 358.
al-Marbawi, Muhamamd Idris, 2008. Bahr al- Madzi: Syarah Mukhtashar Shahih at-Timirdzi. Diterjemahkan olehNoraine Abu. Kuala Lumpur: Al-Hidayah Publication, hlm. 112.
al-Shawkani, Nayl al-Awtar, 1973. Bab Anna al-Hadd Yasqut al-Syubhat. Jil. 7. Hadis No 4041. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-'Ilmiyyah. hlm. 92.
al-Syarbini, Shamsuddin Muhammad bin Muhammad Khatib, 2000. Mughni al-Muhtaj li al-Ma'rifat al-Ma'ani alfaz Sharh al-Minhaj. Jilid 4. Beirut: Darul 'Ilmiyyah. hlm. 139.
al-Qaradawi, Yusuf, 2001. The Lawful and the Prohibited in Islam. Diterjemahkan oleh el-Hebawy, Kamal; Moinuddin Siddiqui, M. dan Syed Shukry. Kuala Lumpur: Islamic Book Trust, hlm. 149.
Anwarullah, 2008. The Criminal Law of Islam. Kuala Lumpur: A.S. Noordeen, hlm. 113.
Ashgar Ali Ali Mohamed, 2012. "Implementation of Hudud (or Limits Ordained by Allah for Serious Crimes) in Malaysia" dlm. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science 2:3, hlm. 240.
Bukhari, Muhammad, 1987. The Translations of the Meaning of Sahih al-Bukhari. Diterjemahkan oleh M. Khan. New Delhi: Kitab Bhavan, hlm. 57.
Daniel Rautio, 2008. "Rape victims" melalui http://web4health.info/en/answers/sex-rape-effects.htm (Capaian pada1 Mei 2012).
el-Awa, Mohamed Salim, 1983. Punishment in Islamic Law: A Comparative Study. Delhi: Markazi Maktabah Islami, hlm. 106-09.
Geetanjali Misra dan Radhika Chandiramani, 2005. Sexuality, Gender and Rights - Exploring Theory and Practice in South and Southeast Asia. New Delhi: Sage Publications India Pte. Ltd., hlm. 201.
Hanibal Goitom, 2014. Laws Criminalizing Apostacy in Selected Jurisdictions. The Law Library of Congress: Global Legal Research Center, hlm. 15.
Hashim Kamali, 2000. Islamic Law in Malaysia: Issues and Developments. Ilmiah Publishers, hlm. 145.
Ibn 'Abidin, Muhammad Amin, 1979. Rad al-Muhtar 'ala al-Dar al-Mukhtar. Edisi Kedua. Jilid 1. Beirut: Dar al-Fikr, hlm. 247.
Ibnu al-'Arabi, Muhammad ibn Ahmad, 1984. Ahkam al-Quran. Jilid 2, Beirut: Dar al-Fikr al-Arabi. hlm. 95.
Ibn Hibban, 1993. Sahih ibn Hibban. Beirut: Mu'assasahar-Risalah, hlm. 263.
Ibnu Qudamah. Al-Mughni. Jilid 10, Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyyah. hlm. 93, 121.
Imam Malik, 1982. Al-Muwatta'. Diterjemahkan oleh Aish Abdarrahman at-Tarjuman dan Ya'qub Johnson. Cambridge: Diwan Press, hlm. 392.
Imran, Rahat, "Legal Injustices: The Zina Hudood Ordinance of Pakistan and Its Implications for Women" dlm. Journal of International Women's Studies 7:2, hlm. 78, 2005.
Ken Benedict Gravelle, "Islamic Law in Sudan: A Comparative Analysis" dlm. 5 ILSA J. Int'l & Comp. L. 1 1998-1999, hlm. 3-4, 1998.
Law of Evidence, 1983. Special Legislative Supplement to the Democratic Republic of the Sudan Gazette.
Mukhtasar Sahih al-Bukhari, 1994. Summarized Sahih Al-Bukhari. Riyadh: Darul Salam, hlm. 563 (Teks asal dalam bahasa Inggeris).
Muslim, 1986. Sahih Muslim wa Sharh al-Nawawi. Jilid 11. Beirut: Dar al-Ma'rifah, hlm. 204.
Mustafa al-Bugha dan Muhyiddin Misto, 1995. Syarah Hadis 40 Imam Nawawi. Kuala Lumpur: Pustaka Salam Sdn. Bhd., hlm. 445.
Ratna Osman, 2011. "Hudud law discriminatory" melalui http://www.sistersinislam.org.my/news.php?item.908.121 (Capaian pada 25 April 2012).
Safwat, Safia M., 1982. Offences and Penalties in Islamic Law. Islamic Quarterly. hlm. 175.
Sahih al-Bukhari, 1997. Kitab al-Hudud. Jilid 8. Riyadh: Darul Salam, hlm. 207.
Sayyid Sabiq, 1995. Fiqh al-Sunnah. Edisi ke-10. Jilid 2. Dar al-Fikr: Beirut, hlm. 450.
Surah al-Isra' melalui http://www.surah.my/17 (Capaian pada12 April 2012).
Surah al-Maidah dlm. Tafsir al-Quran Bahasa Melayu melalui http://www.surah.my/5 (Capaian pada 30 April 2012).
Surah al-Nur dlm. Tafsir al-Quran Bahasa Melayu melalui http://www.surah.my/24 (Capaian pada 25 April 2012).
Surah Yunus dlm. Tafsir al-Quran Bahasa Melayu melalui http://www.surah.my/10 (Capaian pada 26 April 2012).
Surah Yusuf dlm. Tafsir al-Quran Bahasa Melayu melalui http://www.surah.my/12 (Capaian pada 28 April 2012).
"The Effects of Rape and Sexual Assault" melalui http://www.ibiblio.org/rcip/
Published
2016-07-01
How to Cite
MOHD. SHUKRI, Muhammad Hafiz; TUAH, Dilah.
The Courts' Approach to Sentencing for Adultery Offences and its Implication on Women and Children: A Case Study in Sudan.
Kanun: Jurnal Undang-undang Malaysia, [S.l.], v. 28, n. 2, p. 245-277, july 2016.
ISSN 2682-8057.
Available at: <https://jurnal.dbp.my/index.php/Kanun/article/view/4406>. Date accessed: 23 nov. 2024.
Section
Articles
