The Order of Community Service as an Alternative Punishment in the Shariah Court of Malaysia
(Perintah Khidmat Masyarakat Sebagai Hukuman Alternatif di Mahkamah Syariah Malaysia)
Abstract
The punishment for the offence of shariah crime in Malaysia nowadays is still based on three years of imprisonment, penalty of RM5000 and six times of whipping. Those maximum punishments are always been questioned due to its ineffectiveness in giving positive impacts either to the offenders or society. In encountering such situation, the alternative punishments may be enforced by the shariah court so that the objective of the punishment could be achieved. Therefore, there is suggestion that want to materialize the punishment based on community service order, as one of the alternative punishment in the shariah court. In relation to that, this article aims to view the extent of the implementation of the community service order in the shariah law framework by looking at the current prospect in implementing the punishments. After reviewing the need of the punishment, the research discovers that the community service order has great prospect to be enforced at the shariah court, through the existing provisions. This research is important because it portrays that the community service order has a potential to be implemented as one kind of the best alternative punishment at the shariah court of Malaysia.
Keywords: community service order, alternative sentence, provisions of the law, shariah court in Malaysia
References
'Abdul 'Aziz, 'Amir, 1976. Al-Ta'zir fi al-Syariah al-Islamiyah. Qaherah: Dar al-Fikr al-'Arabi.
Abdul Monir Yaakob, 2003. "Konsep Takzir dan Pelaksanaannya di Mahkamah Syariah" dlm. Abdul Monir Yaakob dan Siti Shamsiah Md. Supi (pnyt.), Pendakwaan dan Penyiasatan: Konsep dan Amalan. Kuala Lumpur: IKIM.
'Audah, 'Abdul Qadir, 1993. Al-Tasyri' al-Jina'i al-Islami. Juz. 1. Qaherah: Maktabah Dar al-Turath.
Akta Mahkamah Syariah (Bidang Kuasa Jenayah) 1984.
Anon, 2006. "MAIS: Pemurnian dan Pemulihan Akhlak Satu Agenda" dlm. Majalah MAIS Mei:17.
Abu Zahrah, Muhammad, t.t. Al-'Uqubah: al-Jarimah wa al-'Uqubah fi Fiqh al-Islami. Qaherah: Dar al-Fikr al-'Arabi.
Baer, B. F, "When Prison Isn't Punishment Enough: The Effective Use of Home Incarceration, Community Service, Curfew Parole, and Substance Abuse Testing" dlm. Criminal Justice 6, hlm. 3-8, 1991.
Bahnasi, Ahmad Fathi, 1970. Al-Uqubah fi Fiqh al-Islami. Beirut: Dar al-Ra'id al-'Arabi.
Brennan, B.Y.T.P. & Mason, L., "Community Service: A Devoloping Concept" dlm. Federal Probation 47, hlm. 49-57, 1983.
Carter, R.M., Cocks, J., Glaser, D., "Community Service: A Review of The Basic Issues" dlm. Federal Probation 51:1, hlm. 4-10, 1987.
Enakmen Jenayah Syariah (Selangor) 1995.
Enakmen Pentadbiran Undang-Undang Islam (Selangor) 2003.
Enakmen Tatacara Jenayah Syariah (Selangor) 2003.
Flacks, M., "Combining Retribution and Reconcilitation: The Role of Community Sentencing in Transitional Justice" dlm Interdisiplinary Journal of Human Right Law 1:1, hlm. 1-26, 2006.
Haris, R.J. & Lo, T.W., "Community Service: Its Use in Criminal Justice" dlm. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminalogy 46:4, hlm. 427-44, 2011.
Hudson, J. &Galaway, B., "Community Service: Toward Program Definition" dlm. Federal Probation 54:2, hlm. 2-9, 1990.
Jabatan Kebajikan Masyarakat, 2012. Perkhidmatan Perintah Khidmat Masyarakat. (atas talian) http://www.jkm.gov.my/index.php?view=article&catid=45%3Aperintah-khidmatmasyarakat&id=72%3Aperintahkhidmatmasyarakat&format=pdf
&option=com_content&Itemid=166&lang=ms (Capaian 30 September 2012).
Jasri Jamal, 2003, "Konsep Hukuman Takzir di dalam Kanun Jenayah Syariah di Malaysia". Kertas kerja prosiding Seminar Kebangsaan Fiqh Semasa. Jabatan Syariah, Fakulti Pengajian Islam, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. 24-25 September.
Kanun Keseksaan (Pindaan) 2006 [Akta A1273].
Kanun Tatacara Jenayah (Pindaan) 2006 [Akta A1274].
Leibrich, J., Galaway, B., Underhill, Y., "Community Service Sentence in New Zealand: A Survey of Users" dlm. Federal Probations 50:1, hlm. 55-64, 1986.
Majlis Agama Islam Selangor, Pusat Pemurnian Akidah Baitul Iman, (atas talian) http://www.mais.net.my/index.php?view=category&id=14:pusatpemurnianakidahbaituliman&option=com_content&
Itemid=7 (Capaian 1 Februari 2014).
Majlis Agama Islam Selangor, Pusat Perlindungan Wanita BaitulEhsan, (atas talian) http://www.mais.net.my/index.php?view=category&id=13:pusatperlindunganwanitabaitulehsan&option=com_content&
Itemid=7 [1 Februari 2014].
Mokhtar bin Pangat lwn Pendakwa Jabatan Agama Islam Wilayah Persekutuan [1991] 7 JH 203.
Parlimen Malaysia, 2014, Senarai Rang Undang-undang dlm. http://www.parlimen.gov.my/bills-dewan-rakyat.html?uweb=dr&arkib=yes, [Capaian 22 Julai 2014].
Pease, K., "Community Service Order" dlm. Crime and Justice: An Annual Review of Research 6, hlm. 51-94, 1985.
Pendakwa Syarie lwn Kartika Dewi binti Shukarno [2010] 30 (2) JH 269.
Perlembagaan Persekutuan.
Siti Zubaidah Ismail, "Dasar dan Amalan Penghukuman Kes Jenayah di Mahkamah Syariah: Ke Mana Hala Tuju?" dlm. Jurnal Hukum 27:1, hlm. 1-20, 2008.
Siti Zubaidah Ismail, "Hukuman Alternatif dari Perspektif Undang-undang Syariah" dlm. Syariah Law Report 4, hlm. 25-41, 2011.
Walgrave, L. dan Guedens, H., "The Restorative Proportionality of Community Service for Juveniles" dlm. European Journal of Crime, Criminal Law and Criminal Justice 4, hlm. 362, 1996.
