The Right to Health Care for the Transgender Community in Malaysia: The Gap between Rules and Practice
(Hak untuk Mendapatkan Rawatan Kesihatan bagi Komuniti Transgender di Malaysia: Suatu Kelompangan antara Peraturan dengan Amalan)
Abstract
Equality of citizens on the grounds of gender is guaranteed under Article 8(2) of the Federal Constitution and international human rights treaties. Despite this guarantee of right, transgender people claim that they are still discriminated and receive unequal treatment, especially when accessing health care. Therefore, the objective of this study is to determine the extent to which the existence of domestic laws and international laws have placed the highest standard of treatment for individuals with gender identity disorder or transgender people in Malaysia. The methods used in completing this study were through referrals and interviews. In this study, the researcher successfully found that the right to equality guaranteed under the Federal Constitution is not absolute and is subjected to other relevant laws. The researcher also managed to identify several alternatives that can be employed to solve the problems related to discrimination against transgender people, namely with more stringent law enforcement and actions by the Malaysian government on health practitioners in the event of discriminatory treatment against transgender people.
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Britton A. Gibson, S.-E. B. (29 January, 2016). US National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health. Retrieved from Gender identity, healthcare access, and risk reduction among Malaysia's mak nyah community: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4983682/
Carlos Galina. (20 December, 2019). Council on foreign relations. Retrieved from What is ASEAN?: https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/what-asean#:~:text=The%20Association%20of%20Southeast%20Asian%
20Nations%20(ASEAN)%20is%20a%20regional,Singapore%2C%20Thailand%2C%
20and%20Vietnam.
Fadilla Shaharom & Mohamatayuding Samah. (2017). Ratifikasi Cedaw di Malaysia: Kesan menurut undang-undang dan hukum syara'. Journal of Shariah Law Research, 1-28.
Gillian MacNaughton. (29 August, 2013). Untangling equality and non-discrimination to promote the right to health care for all. Health and Human Rights Journal .
Human Rights Watch. (24 September, 2014). Retrieved from Malaysia: Transgender people under threat: https://www.hrw.org/news/2014/09/24/malaysia-transgender-people-under-threat
Johan, S. (29 April, 2019). Sinar Harian. Retrieved from Pembahagian kuasa Persekutuan dan negeri-negeri: https://www.sinarharian.com.my/article/25800/KOLUMNIS/Pembahagian-kuasa-Persekutuan-dan-negeri-negeri
Kaspert Lippert-Rasmussen. (December, 2013). What is discrimination? Researchgate, pp. 1-56.
Kementerian Kesihatan Malaysia & Bahagian Pembangunan Kesihatan Keluarga. (2017). Garis panduan pengendalian masalah kesihatan gender di klinik kesihatan. Wilayah Perseketuan Putrajaya, Malaysia.
Kryss. (2016 May, 2016). Violence: Through the lens of lesbians, bisexual women and transgenders in Malaysia. Outright Action International, 18-20. Retrieved from Violence through the Lens of Lesbians, Bisexual Women and Transgenders in Malaysia .
Mayo Clinic. (14 April, 2020). Feminizing Hormone Therapy. Retrieved from https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/feminizing-hormone-therapy/about/pac-20385096
Mohd Husni Mohd Noor. (10 August, 2018). Transgender tidak harus ditindas. Retrieved from Berita Harian: https://www.bharian.com.my/berita/nasional/2018/08/460514/transgender-tidak-harus-ditindas
Nik Rosnah & Wan Abdullah. (2002). Medical regulation in Malaysia: Towards an effective regulatory regime. ScienceDirect, 96-124.
Noor, U. M. (16 October, 2015). Laman Web Rasmi Pejabat Mufti Wilayah Persekutuan. Retrieved from Isu transgender, tasyabbuh atau penyerupaan: Hukumnya: https://muftiwp.gov.my/artikel/bayan-linnas/1820-siri-5-isu-transgender-tasyabbuh-atau-penyerupaan-hukumnya-edisi-kemaskini
Office of the United Nations High Commissioner of Human Rights. (2008). The right to health. OHCHR, pp. 1-52.
Official Portal Attorney's General Chambers Malaysia. (2016). Human rights. Retrieved from http://www.agc.gov.my/agcportal/index.php?r=portal2/left&menu_id=L2YvK3oycE5FSlg1NGNmTGFJdlNIdz09
OHCHR. (5 July, 2017). United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner. Retrieved from Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women examines the situation of women in Thailand: https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=21846&LangID=E
Post, R. H. (2015). Enhancing LGBTI rights by changing the interpretation of CEDAW? Nordic Journal of Human Rights, 1-19.
Rahim, N. F. (14 August, 2018). Kenyataan Dr Nur Ilyani, komen peribadi. Retrieved from Berita Harian: https://www.bharian.com.my/berita/nasional/2018/08/461657/kenyataan-dr-nur-ilyani-komen-peribadi
Roux, K. (15 12, 2015). IFRC. Retrieved from Red Cross opens first clinic for transgender community in Asia: https://www.ifrc.org/en/news-and-media/news-stories/asia-pacific/thailand/red-cross-opens-first-clinic-for-transgender-community-in-asia-70749/
Selamat, M. (7 May, 2020). Hak kesihatan transgender di Malaysia. (I. Jasri, Interviewer)
Shamrahayu Abdul Aziz. (13 November, 2014). Berita Harian. Retrieved from Undang-undang mesti selaras Perlembagaan: Undang-undang mesti selaras Perlembagaan
Siti Amirah Akilah Abd Rahim, H. A. (2020). Transgender di Malaysia (Transgender In Malaysia). UMRAN - International Journal of Islamic and Civilizational Studies, 6-10.
Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus. (10 December, 2017). Retrieved from World Health Organization: https://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/statements/fundamental-human-right/en/
Published
2022-01-02
How to Cite
NORDIN, Rohaida; JASRI, Nur Insyirah.
The Right to Health Care for the Transgender Community in Malaysia: The Gap between Rules and Practice.
Kanun: Jurnal Undang-undang Malaysia, [S.l.], v. 34, n. 1, p. 113-140, jan. 2022.
ISSN 2682-8057.
Available at: <https://jurnal.dbp.my/index.php/Kanun/article/view/8215>. Date accessed: 23 nov. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.37052/kanun.34(1)no6.
Section
Articles
