Pembinaan skema pemarkahan holistik berfokus bagi menggredkan karangan pemujukan
Abstrak
Selaras dengan penyerapan idea komunikatif dalam kurikulum pendidikan bahasa Melayu, suatu alat bagi mengukur kecekapan berbahasa berasaskan kriteria komunikatif sangat diperlukan untuk digunakan dalam penilaian bahasa kendalian sekolah, misalnya dalam penilaian kemahiran menulis. Bagi tujuan itu, makalah ini melaporkan pembinaan skema pemarkahan holistik berfokus skema komunikatif bagi menggredkan perlakuan karangan pemujukan mengikut kategori pencapaian. Pembinaan alat ialah yang menggunakan idea komunikatif yang menyatakan bahawa karangan merupakan perlakuan berbahasa melalui interaksi tiga komponen kecekapan, iaitu sosiolinguistik, wacana dan tatabahasa. Sebagai perlakuan, penilaiannya dibuat mengikut pendekatan holistik yang melihat karangan sebagai suatu keseluruhan. Untuk pengesahan alat, sebanyak 111 buah sampel karangan yang digredkan oleh pemeriksa yang dilatih khas telah digunakan. Keputusan kajian menunjukkan skema komunikatif mempunyai kebolehpercayaan yang tinggi (0.93), di samping mempunyai kesahan kriteria, iaitu dengan koefisien korelasi yang melebihi 0.80 melalui kesahan serentak dengan alat yang sedia digunakan di Malaysia dan pada peringkat antarabangsa.
Rujukan
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13. Hashim-Othman, 2000a. "Penaksiran Kemahiran Menulis Karangan Bahasa Melayu daripada Perspektif Komunikatif: Penetapan Piawai Perlakuan Minimum dan Analisis Kecekapan". Jurnal Dewan Bahasa, 44, 2: 193-207.
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17. Homburg, T.J., 1984. "Holistic Evaluation of ESL Compositions: Can It Be Validated Objectively"? dlm. TESOL Quarterly, 18, 1: 87-107.
18. Hutchinson, C., 1990. "Communicative Competence in Language Teaching", dlm. Handbook of Educational Ideas and Practices oleh Entwistle, N., (ed.) London: Routledge.
19. Hymes. D., 1972. "On Communicative Competence", dlm. Sociolinguistics oleh Pride, J.B. dan Holmes, J., (editor). Harmondsworth: Penguin Books.
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21. Juriah Long, 1992. "Pendekatan Pengajaran Bahasa Malaysia di Sekolah dalam Abad ke-21", dlm. Juriah Long, Halimah Badio Zaman, Putih Mohamed, dan Zalizan Mohd. Jelas., (peny.) Aliran Dalam Amalan Pendidikan Menjelang Abad ke-21 Bangi: Penerbit Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.
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25. Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia, 2001. $ukatan Pelajaran Kurikulum Bersepadu Sekolah Menengah: Bahasa Melayu. Kuala Lumpur: Pusat Perkembangan Kurikulum.
26. Kem, R.G., dan Schultz, J.M., 1992. ''The Effect of Composition Instruction on Intermediate Level French Students' Writing Performance: Some Preliminary Findings", dlm. The Modem l.Anguage Journal, 76, 1: 1-13.
27. Khatijah Abdul Hamid, 1996. "Wacana dalam Teks Penulisan: Satu Tinjauan tentang Perkaitan Semantik dalam Karangan Bahasa Melayu Pelajar-pelajar dalam Sistem Pendidikan di Malaysia Berdasarkan Analisis Tautan Kohesi dan Koheren". Kertas kerja yang disampaikan dalam Persidangan Antarabangsa Pengajian Melayu Beijing dari 20 - 24 Mei 1996.
28. Knudson, R.E., 1992. "Analysis of Argumentative Writing at Two Grade Levels". Journal of Educational Research 85, 3:169-179.
29. Llyod-Jones, R., 1977. "Primary Trait Scoring", dlm. ed. Evalucting Writing: Describing, Measuring, Judging. Cooper, C.R. & Odell, L., Urbana, Illinois: National Council of Teachers of English.
30. Ministry of Education Malaysia, 1997. Curriculum Specifications for SMART Schools: Bahasa Melayu KBSR-KBSM. Kuala Lumpur: Curriculum Development Centre.
31. Mitchell, K. dan Anderson, J., 1986. "Reliability of Holistic Scoring for the MCAT Essay" dlm. Journal of Educational and Psychological Measurement, 46, 10: 771-775.
32. Moss, P.A., Cole, N.S. dan Khampalikit, C., 1982. "A Comparison of Procedures to Assess Written Language Skills at Grades 4, 7, and 10" dlm. Journal of Educational Measurement, 19, 1.
33. Odell, L., 1981. "Defining and Assessing Competence in Writing", dlm. The Nature and Measurement of Competency in English oleh Cooper, C.R., ed. Urbana, Illinois: National Council of Teachers of English.
34. Oller, J.W. Jr., 1979. Language Tests at School: A Pragmatic Approach. London: Longman.
35. Pula-Judith-Jemigen, 1990. "The Function of Personal Background, Professional Training, and Work Experience on Rater Performance in Holistic Scoring Sessions: A Study of Disciplinary Enculturation and Placement Context". dlm. Dissertation Abstracts International, 51-11A: 3714.
36. Vahapassi, A., 1988. "The Domain of School Writing and Development of the Writing Tasks", dlm. The IEA Study of Written Composition I: The International Writing Tasks and Scoring Scales Gorman, T.P., Purves, A.C. & Degenhart, R.E. The /EA Study of Written Composition: The International
Writing Teks and Scoring Scales. New York: Pergamon Press.
37. Varble, M.E., 1990. "Analysis of Writing Samples of Students Taught by Teachers Using Whole Language and Traditional Approaches" dlm. Journal of Educational Research, 83, 5: 245-251.
38. Weir, C.J., 1990. Understanding and Developing Language Tests. New York: Prentice-Hall.
39 Weir, C.J., 1993. Communicative language Testing. New York: Prentice-Hall.
40. White, E.M., 1985. Teaching and Assessing Writing. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers.
41. Widdowson, H. G., 1978. Teaching Language as Communication. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
42. Witt-Elizabeth-Anne, 1993. "The Construction of an Analytic Score Scale for the Direct Assessment of Writing and an Investigation of Its Reliability and Validity (Writing Assessment)" dlm. Dissertation Abstracts International, 55-03A: 543.
2. Anastasi, A., 1988. Psychological Testing. Edisi ke-6. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company.
3. Azman Wan Chik, 1982. Ujian Bahasa Malaysia: Panduan dan Teknik. Kuala Lumpur: Utusan Publications & Distributors Sdn. Bhd.
4. Bachman, L.F. dan Savignon, S., 1986. "The Evaluation of Communicative Language Proficiency: "A Critique of the ACTFI. Oral Interview" dlm. The Modem Language Journal 10, 4: 380-390.
5. Canale, M. dan Swain, M., 1981. "A Theoretical Framework for Communicative Competence", dlm. The Construct Validation o/Test of Communicative Competence Palmer, A.S., Peter J.M.G., dan George, A.T., (ed.) Washington: Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages.
6. Carroll, J.B., 1980. Testing Communicative Performance: An Interim Study. Oxford: Pergamon Press Ltd.
7. Cooper, C.R., 1977. "Holistic Evaluation of Writing", dlm. Evaluating Writing: Describing, Measuring, Judging oleh Cooper, C.R. & Odell, L., (ed.) Urbana, Illinois: National Council of Teachers of English.
8. Crocker, L. dan Algina, J., 1986. Introduction to Classical and Modem Test Theory. Orlando, Florida: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc.
9. Duran, R.P., 1988. "Validity and Language Skills Assessments: Non-English Background Students", dlm. Wainer, H. dan Braun, H.I. Hillsdale, Test Validity oleh New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers.
10. Fischer, R.A., 1984. ''Testing Communicative Competence in French", dlm. The Modem Language Journal, 68, 1: 13-20.
11. Goulden-Nancy-Rost, 1989. "A Comparison of Reliability and Validity of Holistic and Analytic Methods of Scoring Classroom Speeches", dlm. Dissertation Abstracts International, 51-05A: 1441.
12. Hannah dan Charles-Austin, 1990. ''The Effects of Holistic Scoring and Peer-evaluation on the Narrative and Expository Writing of Tenth Graders", dlm. sertation Abstracts International, 52-09A:3167.
13. Hashim-Othman, 2000a. "Penaksiran Kemahiran Menulis Karangan Bahasa Melayu daripada Perspektif Komunikatif: Penetapan Piawai Perlakuan Minimum dan Analisis Kecekapan". Jurnal Dewan Bahasa, 44, 2: 193-207.
14. Hashim-Othman, 2000b. "Penerokaan Komponen-komponen Komunikatif dan Pembinaan Skema Pemarkahan Holistik Berfokus bagi Menggred Perlakuan Karangan Bahasa Malaysia Sekolah Menengah". Tesis Doktor Falsafah yang tidak diterbitkan, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang.
15. Hashim-Othman, 2001, "Komponen-komponen Komunikatif dalam Karangan Bahasa Melayu Sekolah Menengah". Jurnal Bahasa, 3, 1: 352-377.
16. Hillocks, G. Jr., 1986. Research on Written Composition: New Directions for Teaching. Urbana, Illinois: National Conference on Research in English.
17. Homburg, T.J., 1984. "Holistic Evaluation of ESL Compositions: Can It Be Validated Objectively"? dlm. TESOL Quarterly, 18, 1: 87-107.
18. Hutchinson, C., 1990. "Communicative Competence in Language Teaching", dlm. Handbook of Educational Ideas and Practices oleh Entwistle, N., (ed.) London: Routledge.
19. Hymes. D., 1972. "On Communicative Competence", dlm. Sociolinguistics oleh Pride, J.B. dan Holmes, J., (editor). Harmondsworth: Penguin Books.
20. Jacob, H. L., Zingraf, S.A. Wormuth, D.R. Hartfiel, V.F., dan Hughey, J.B., 1981. Testing ESL Composition: A Practicle Approach. Rowley, M. A.: Newbury House.
21. Juriah Long, 1992. "Pendekatan Pengajaran Bahasa Malaysia di Sekolah dalam Abad ke-21", dlm. Juriah Long, Halimah Badio Zaman, Putih Mohamed, dan Zalizan Mohd. Jelas., (peny.) Aliran Dalam Amalan Pendidikan Menjelang Abad ke-21 Bangi: Penerbit Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.
22. Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia, 1987. Sukatan Pelajaran Bahasa Malaysia Tingkatan 1 hingga 5 Kurikulum Bersepadu Sekolah Menengah. Kuala Lumpur: Pusat Perkembangan Kurikulum.
23. Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia, 1992. Huraian Sukatan Pelajaran Bahasa Malaysia Tingkatan IV. Kuala Lumpur: Pusat Perkembangan Kurikulum.
24. Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia, 1994. Draf Buku Panduan Am Penilaian Kendalian Sekolah Menengah: Kuala Lumpur: Pusat Perkembangan Kurikulum.
25. Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia, 2001. $ukatan Pelajaran Kurikulum Bersepadu Sekolah Menengah: Bahasa Melayu. Kuala Lumpur: Pusat Perkembangan Kurikulum.
26. Kem, R.G., dan Schultz, J.M., 1992. ''The Effect of Composition Instruction on Intermediate Level French Students' Writing Performance: Some Preliminary Findings", dlm. The Modem l.Anguage Journal, 76, 1: 1-13.
27. Khatijah Abdul Hamid, 1996. "Wacana dalam Teks Penulisan: Satu Tinjauan tentang Perkaitan Semantik dalam Karangan Bahasa Melayu Pelajar-pelajar dalam Sistem Pendidikan di Malaysia Berdasarkan Analisis Tautan Kohesi dan Koheren". Kertas kerja yang disampaikan dalam Persidangan Antarabangsa Pengajian Melayu Beijing dari 20 - 24 Mei 1996.
28. Knudson, R.E., 1992. "Analysis of Argumentative Writing at Two Grade Levels". Journal of Educational Research 85, 3:169-179.
29. Llyod-Jones, R., 1977. "Primary Trait Scoring", dlm. ed. Evalucting Writing: Describing, Measuring, Judging. Cooper, C.R. & Odell, L., Urbana, Illinois: National Council of Teachers of English.
30. Ministry of Education Malaysia, 1997. Curriculum Specifications for SMART Schools: Bahasa Melayu KBSR-KBSM. Kuala Lumpur: Curriculum Development Centre.
31. Mitchell, K. dan Anderson, J., 1986. "Reliability of Holistic Scoring for the MCAT Essay" dlm. Journal of Educational and Psychological Measurement, 46, 10: 771-775.
32. Moss, P.A., Cole, N.S. dan Khampalikit, C., 1982. "A Comparison of Procedures to Assess Written Language Skills at Grades 4, 7, and 10" dlm. Journal of Educational Measurement, 19, 1.
33. Odell, L., 1981. "Defining and Assessing Competence in Writing", dlm. The Nature and Measurement of Competency in English oleh Cooper, C.R., ed. Urbana, Illinois: National Council of Teachers of English.
34. Oller, J.W. Jr., 1979. Language Tests at School: A Pragmatic Approach. London: Longman.
35. Pula-Judith-Jemigen, 1990. "The Function of Personal Background, Professional Training, and Work Experience on Rater Performance in Holistic Scoring Sessions: A Study of Disciplinary Enculturation and Placement Context". dlm. Dissertation Abstracts International, 51-11A: 3714.
36. Vahapassi, A., 1988. "The Domain of School Writing and Development of the Writing Tasks", dlm. The IEA Study of Written Composition I: The International Writing Tasks and Scoring Scales Gorman, T.P., Purves, A.C. & Degenhart, R.E. The /EA Study of Written Composition: The International
Writing Teks and Scoring Scales. New York: Pergamon Press.
37. Varble, M.E., 1990. "Analysis of Writing Samples of Students Taught by Teachers Using Whole Language and Traditional Approaches" dlm. Journal of Educational Research, 83, 5: 245-251.
38. Weir, C.J., 1990. Understanding and Developing Language Tests. New York: Prentice-Hall.
39 Weir, C.J., 1993. Communicative language Testing. New York: Prentice-Hall.
40. White, E.M., 1985. Teaching and Assessing Writing. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers.
41. Widdowson, H. G., 1978. Teaching Language as Communication. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
42. Witt-Elizabeth-Anne, 1993. "The Construction of an Analytic Score Scale for the Direct Assessment of Writing and an Investigation of Its Reliability and Validity (Writing Assessment)" dlm. Dissertation Abstracts International, 55-03A: 543.
Telah diterbitkan
2002-03-04
Bagaimana untuk memetik sitasi
Othman, H.
(2002).
Pembinaan skema pemarkahan holistik berfokus bagi menggredkan karangan pemujukan.
Jurnal Bahasa, 2(3), 334-351.
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