Security Issues in the Computerized Land Registration System in Malaysia: An Overview
(Individu Autisme dan Perlakuan Melanggar Undang-undang)
Abstract
Individuals with autism experience complex neuro-developmental disorders in early childhood or neuro-development disturbances, as a result of which they exhibit unusual behaviours that are usually beyond their control. Despite the increasing number of individuals with autism in Malaysia, the general public is still lacking in knowledge regarding behaviours of individuals with autism. The actions of individuals with autism can at times be categorized as criminal or syariah offences. This article aims to discuss the consequence of behaviours of those individuals that result in them breaking laws. The focus of this discussion is also to identify the types of illegal offences committed by teenagers with autism. The methods of data collection are through document analysis and semi-structured interviews with teachers from a non-governmental organization that was established to conduct intervention programmes for autistic individuals. The data gathered was analysed descriptively and presented according to relevant themes. The study found that individuals with autism have their own behaviours which exposes them to committing criminal offences. These behaviours include difficulties to adapt in new places and environments, understanding verbal and non-verbal social interaction, an unusually deep interest in or obsession with certain subjects. These behaviours are found to be capable of influencing them to commit criminal offences such as murder, arson, sexual offences as well as cybercrime.
Keywords: ASD, autism, criminal offences, sexual behavior
References
American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM). Washington DC: American Psychiatric Association.
American Psychiatric Association. (2002). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. Fourth Edition, Text Revision. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
American Psychiatric Association. 2013. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental health disorders (DSM-5). 5th ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
Associated Press & Ashley Collman. (3 februari 2017). Twelve-year-old autistic boy is arrested for murder after shooting dead 21-year-old female gas station clerk during 2am armed robbery. Mail Online.
Bernama. (12 Sept 2018). Reman Lelaki Autisme Berhubung Siasatan Kes Cabul Ditolak. My News Hub.
Bisera, M. (2010). Opinions and attitudes of parents and students for sexual development, sexual behavior and gender identity of persons with autism in The Republic of Macedonia. Journal of Special Education and Rehabilition 9(3), 7-24.
Bleuler E. (1950). Dementia praecox or the group of schizophrenias. New York: International Universities.
Brian Mastroianni. (4 September 2018). Why doctors changed the way they categorize autism? Why DSM-5 changed. Akses daripada https://www.everydayhealth.com/autism/types/
Everall, I. P., & Le Couteur, A. (1990). Fire setting in an adolescent boy with Asperger's Syndrome. British Journal of Psychiatry, 157, 284-287.
Fariza Md Sham, Salmihah Che Mud, Manisah Mohd Ali, Zuliza Mohd Kusrin, Rosmawati Mohamad Rasit & Siti Norlina Muhamad. (2017). Panduan syariah untuk ibu bapa menangani perilaku seksual remaja autisme. Jurnal Hadhari an International Journal.Edisi Khas.
Fariza Md Sham, Manisah Mohd Ali, Zuliza Mohd Kusrin, Siti Norlina Muhamad, Rosmawati Mohamad Rasit & Salmihah Che Mud. (2017). Menangani Masalah remaja Autisme.Kuala Lumpur: Telaga Biru Sdn.Bhd.
Fitzpatrick S. E, Srivorakiat. L, Wink. L. K, Pedapati E. V, & Erickson. (2016). Aggression in autism spectrum disorder: Presentation and treatment options. Neuropsychiatr Disease and Treatment, 12, 1525-1538.
Freckelton, Ian. (2013). Autism spectrum disorders and the criminal law. In Mohammad-Reza Mohammadi (Ed.), A comprehensive book on autism spectrum disorders. UK: IntechOpen.
Available from: https://www.intechopen.com/books/a-comprehensive-book-on-autism-spectrum-disorders/autism-spectrum-disorders-and-the-criminal-law.
Gargiulo, R.M. (2003). Special education in contemporary society: An introduction to exceptionality. Belmont CA: WADSWORTH, Thomson Learning, Inc
Haskins, B.G. & Silva, J.A. (2006). Asperger's disorder and criminal behavior: forensic- psychiatric considerations. The Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, 34, 374-84.
Hellemans, H., Colson, K., Verbraeken, C., Vermeiren, R., Deboutte, D. (2007). Sexual behavior in high-functioning male adolescents and young adults with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Sexsuality and Disability, 37(2), 260-269
Howlin, P. 2004. Autism and Asperger syndrome: Preparing for adulthood. Routledge; London.
Jamila K.A. Mohamed. (2005). Pendidikan khas untuk kanak-kanak istimewa. Kuala Lumpur: PTS Profesional Publishing Sdn. Bhd.
Jean Cole. (13 Feb 2017). "McGlawn guilty of first-degree assault". The News Courier.Justin B Barry-Walsh & Paul E Mullen. (2004). Forensic aspects of Asperger's Syndrome. The Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology, 15, 1.
Kanne, S. M., & Mazurek, M. O. (2011). Aggression in children and adolescents with ASD: Prevalence and risk factors. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 41(7), 926-937.
Kanner L. (1943). Autistic disturbances of affective contact. Nervous Child, 2, 217-250.
King, C. & Murphy, G. H. (2014). A systematic review of people with autism spectrum disorder and the criminal justice system. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders.
Liew, G. (26 September 2018). Senior Psychiatrist, National Autistic Society of Malaysia (NASOM). (Personal interview).
Liney Diana. Senior Autism Student Teacher, National Autistic Society of Malaysia (NASOM). (Personal Interview) on 25 January 2019.
Meister C, Norlock, D. (1994). Sexuality and autism: A parenting skills enhancement group. Sex Inf. Educ. Counc.
Mohamed A. Huwaidi, Wid H. Daghustani. (2013). Sexual behavior in male adolescents with autism and it's relation to social sexual skills in the kingdom of Saudi Arabia. International Journal of Special Education28(2), 1-7.
Murrie, D. C., Warren, J. I., Kristiansson, M., & Dietz, P. E. (2001). Asperger's syndrome in forensic settings. International Journal of Forensic Mental Health, 1, 59-70.
Nichols, S., Blakeley-Smith, A.: "I'm not sure we're ready for this ...": working with families to ward facilitating healthy sexuality for individuals with autism spectrum disorders. Social Work in Mental Health, 8(1), 72-91 (2010)
Nur Nazlina Nazri. Akses pada 2018 http://www.utusan.com.my/berita/jenayah/penahanan-lelaki-autisme-ikut-sop-1.748491
Otero-López JM, Castro C, Villardefrancos E, Santiago MJ. 2009. Job dissatisfaction and burnout in secondary school teachers: Student's disruptive behavior and conflict management examined. European Journal of Psychology of Education, 2(2), 99-111.
Quinn, M.M., Rutherford, R.B., and Leone, P.E. (2001), Students with disabilities in correctional facilities. Arlington, VA: ERIC Clearinghouse on Disabilities and Gifted Education.
R. lwn Clarke [2015] ECWA Crim 2192
Rose Abdullah. Senior Instructor, National Autistm Society of Malaysia (NASOM). Interview on 26 September 2018.
Ruble, L.A. & Dalrymple, N.J. (1993). Social/Sexual awareness of persons with autism: A Parental perspective. Archives of Sexual Behavior 229-240.
Rudy, L. J. . (3 Disember 2018). "What are the different types of autism? Many different autisms; one autism spectrum?" Akses daripada https://www.verywellhealth.com/what-are-the- different-types-of-autism-260611
Rudy, L. J.. (30 March 2017). "Do people with autism lack sympathy and empathy? How autism may affect sympathy and empathy?". Akses daripada https://www.verywellhealth.com/do- people-with-autism-lack-empathy-259887
Sabatiah. Autistism Student Teacher, National Autistic Society of Malaysia (NASOM). (Personal interview) on 28 Oktober 2018.
Safeek Affendy Razali. (20 September 2018). Moga kes Ahmad Ziqri tidak berulang.Berita Harian Online.
Siti Maherah. Autistism Student Teacher, National Autistic Society of Malaysia (NASOM). (Personal Interview) on 28 Oktober 2018.
Sullivan, A., Caterino, L. (2008). Addressing the sexuality and sex education of individuals with autism spectrum disorders. Education Treatment of Children, 31(3), 381-394.
Today Online/NST. 22 September 2018. Youth masturbating on Singapore train in viral video autistic, family says. Online New Straits Times.
U.S. Department of Education Office of Civil Rights (2014, March 21). Civil Rights Data Collection: Data Snapshot (School Discipline). Issue Brief No. 1.
Vermeiren, R., Jespers, I., & Moffit, T. (2006). Mental health problems in juvenile justice populations. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Clinics of North America.
Wedmore, H.V. (2011). Autism spectrum disorders and romantic intimacy. Iowa: Iowa State University.
Wing, L. & Gould, J. (1979). Severe Impairments of Social Interaction and Associated Abnormalities in Children: Epidemiology and Classification. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 9, 11-29.
Wing, L. (1976). An approach to teaching autistic children. London: Pergamon Press.
Wing, L. 1981. Language, social and cognitive impairments in autism and severe mental retardation. Journal of Autisme and Developement Disorder, 11(1): 31-4.
Zuraini Yaakub. (2014). Amalan intervensi perilaku seksual remaja autistic spectrum disorders (ASD) oleh Guru Program Pendidikan Khas Integrasi (GPPKI). Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi.
Zuraini Yaakub & Zuliza Mohd Kusrin. 2015. Amalan intervensi perilaku seksual remaja Autistic Spectrum Disorders (ASD) oleh Guru Program Pendidikan Khas Integrasi (GPPKI). Jurnal Islamiyat, 37(2). Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.
American Psychiatric Association. (2002). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. Fourth Edition, Text Revision. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
American Psychiatric Association. 2013. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental health disorders (DSM-5). 5th ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
Associated Press & Ashley Collman. (3 februari 2017). Twelve-year-old autistic boy is arrested for murder after shooting dead 21-year-old female gas station clerk during 2am armed robbery. Mail Online.
Bernama. (12 Sept 2018). Reman Lelaki Autisme Berhubung Siasatan Kes Cabul Ditolak. My News Hub.
Bisera, M. (2010). Opinions and attitudes of parents and students for sexual development, sexual behavior and gender identity of persons with autism in The Republic of Macedonia. Journal of Special Education and Rehabilition 9(3), 7-24.
Bleuler E. (1950). Dementia praecox or the group of schizophrenias. New York: International Universities.
Brian Mastroianni. (4 September 2018). Why doctors changed the way they categorize autism? Why DSM-5 changed. Akses daripada https://www.everydayhealth.com/autism/types/
Everall, I. P., & Le Couteur, A. (1990). Fire setting in an adolescent boy with Asperger's Syndrome. British Journal of Psychiatry, 157, 284-287.
Fariza Md Sham, Salmihah Che Mud, Manisah Mohd Ali, Zuliza Mohd Kusrin, Rosmawati Mohamad Rasit & Siti Norlina Muhamad. (2017). Panduan syariah untuk ibu bapa menangani perilaku seksual remaja autisme. Jurnal Hadhari an International Journal.Edisi Khas.
Fariza Md Sham, Manisah Mohd Ali, Zuliza Mohd Kusrin, Siti Norlina Muhamad, Rosmawati Mohamad Rasit & Salmihah Che Mud. (2017). Menangani Masalah remaja Autisme.Kuala Lumpur: Telaga Biru Sdn.Bhd.
Fitzpatrick S. E, Srivorakiat. L, Wink. L. K, Pedapati E. V, & Erickson. (2016). Aggression in autism spectrum disorder: Presentation and treatment options. Neuropsychiatr Disease and Treatment, 12, 1525-1538.
Freckelton, Ian. (2013). Autism spectrum disorders and the criminal law. In Mohammad-Reza Mohammadi (Ed.), A comprehensive book on autism spectrum disorders. UK: IntechOpen.
Available from: https://www.intechopen.com/books/a-comprehensive-book-on-autism-spectrum-disorders/autism-spectrum-disorders-and-the-criminal-law.
Gargiulo, R.M. (2003). Special education in contemporary society: An introduction to exceptionality. Belmont CA: WADSWORTH, Thomson Learning, Inc
Haskins, B.G. & Silva, J.A. (2006). Asperger's disorder and criminal behavior: forensic- psychiatric considerations. The Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, 34, 374-84.
Hellemans, H., Colson, K., Verbraeken, C., Vermeiren, R., Deboutte, D. (2007). Sexual behavior in high-functioning male adolescents and young adults with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Sexsuality and Disability, 37(2), 260-269
Howlin, P. 2004. Autism and Asperger syndrome: Preparing for adulthood. Routledge; London.
Jamila K.A. Mohamed. (2005). Pendidikan khas untuk kanak-kanak istimewa. Kuala Lumpur: PTS Profesional Publishing Sdn. Bhd.
Jean Cole. (13 Feb 2017). "McGlawn guilty of first-degree assault". The News Courier.Justin B Barry-Walsh & Paul E Mullen. (2004). Forensic aspects of Asperger's Syndrome. The Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology, 15, 1.
Kanne, S. M., & Mazurek, M. O. (2011). Aggression in children and adolescents with ASD: Prevalence and risk factors. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 41(7), 926-937.
Kanner L. (1943). Autistic disturbances of affective contact. Nervous Child, 2, 217-250.
King, C. & Murphy, G. H. (2014). A systematic review of people with autism spectrum disorder and the criminal justice system. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders.
Liew, G. (26 September 2018). Senior Psychiatrist, National Autistic Society of Malaysia (NASOM). (Personal interview).
Liney Diana. Senior Autism Student Teacher, National Autistic Society of Malaysia (NASOM). (Personal Interview) on 25 January 2019.
Meister C, Norlock, D. (1994). Sexuality and autism: A parenting skills enhancement group. Sex Inf. Educ. Counc.
Mohamed A. Huwaidi, Wid H. Daghustani. (2013). Sexual behavior in male adolescents with autism and it's relation to social sexual skills in the kingdom of Saudi Arabia. International Journal of Special Education28(2), 1-7.
Murrie, D. C., Warren, J. I., Kristiansson, M., & Dietz, P. E. (2001). Asperger's syndrome in forensic settings. International Journal of Forensic Mental Health, 1, 59-70.
Nichols, S., Blakeley-Smith, A.: "I'm not sure we're ready for this ...": working with families to ward facilitating healthy sexuality for individuals with autism spectrum disorders. Social Work in Mental Health, 8(1), 72-91 (2010)
Nur Nazlina Nazri. Akses pada 2018 http://www.utusan.com.my/berita/jenayah/penahanan-lelaki-autisme-ikut-sop-1.748491
Otero-López JM, Castro C, Villardefrancos E, Santiago MJ. 2009. Job dissatisfaction and burnout in secondary school teachers: Student's disruptive behavior and conflict management examined. European Journal of Psychology of Education, 2(2), 99-111.
Quinn, M.M., Rutherford, R.B., and Leone, P.E. (2001), Students with disabilities in correctional facilities. Arlington, VA: ERIC Clearinghouse on Disabilities and Gifted Education.
R. lwn Clarke [2015] ECWA Crim 2192
Rose Abdullah. Senior Instructor, National Autistm Society of Malaysia (NASOM). Interview on 26 September 2018.
Ruble, L.A. & Dalrymple, N.J. (1993). Social/Sexual awareness of persons with autism: A Parental perspective. Archives of Sexual Behavior 229-240.
Rudy, L. J. . (3 Disember 2018). "What are the different types of autism? Many different autisms; one autism spectrum?" Akses daripada https://www.verywellhealth.com/what-are-the- different-types-of-autism-260611
Rudy, L. J.. (30 March 2017). "Do people with autism lack sympathy and empathy? How autism may affect sympathy and empathy?". Akses daripada https://www.verywellhealth.com/do- people-with-autism-lack-empathy-259887
Sabatiah. Autistism Student Teacher, National Autistic Society of Malaysia (NASOM). (Personal interview) on 28 Oktober 2018.
Safeek Affendy Razali. (20 September 2018). Moga kes Ahmad Ziqri tidak berulang.Berita Harian Online.
Siti Maherah. Autistism Student Teacher, National Autistic Society of Malaysia (NASOM). (Personal Interview) on 28 Oktober 2018.
Sullivan, A., Caterino, L. (2008). Addressing the sexuality and sex education of individuals with autism spectrum disorders. Education Treatment of Children, 31(3), 381-394.
Today Online/NST. 22 September 2018. Youth masturbating on Singapore train in viral video autistic, family says. Online New Straits Times.
U.S. Department of Education Office of Civil Rights (2014, March 21). Civil Rights Data Collection: Data Snapshot (School Discipline). Issue Brief No. 1.
Vermeiren, R., Jespers, I., & Moffit, T. (2006). Mental health problems in juvenile justice populations. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Clinics of North America.
Wedmore, H.V. (2011). Autism spectrum disorders and romantic intimacy. Iowa: Iowa State University.
Wing, L. & Gould, J. (1979). Severe Impairments of Social Interaction and Associated Abnormalities in Children: Epidemiology and Classification. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 9, 11-29.
Wing, L. (1976). An approach to teaching autistic children. London: Pergamon Press.
Wing, L. 1981. Language, social and cognitive impairments in autism and severe mental retardation. Journal of Autisme and Developement Disorder, 11(1): 31-4.
Zuraini Yaakub. (2014). Amalan intervensi perilaku seksual remaja autistic spectrum disorders (ASD) oleh Guru Program Pendidikan Khas Integrasi (GPPKI). Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi.
Zuraini Yaakub & Zuliza Mohd Kusrin. 2015. Amalan intervensi perilaku seksual remaja Autistic Spectrum Disorders (ASD) oleh Guru Program Pendidikan Khas Integrasi (GPPKI). Jurnal Islamiyat, 37(2). Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.
Published
2019-07-01
How to Cite
MOHD KUSRIN, Zuliza et al.
Security Issues in the Computerized Land Registration System in Malaysia: An Overview.
Kanun: Jurnal Undang-undang Malaysia, [S.l.], v. 31, n. 2, p. 219-237, july 2019.
ISSN 2682-8057.
Available at: <https://jurnal.dbp.my/index.php/Kanun/article/view/4799>. Date accessed: 20 apr. 2024.
Section
Articles
