Academic Freedom: Strengthening the Educational System in Malaysia
(Kebebasan Akademik: Memperkasa Sistem Pendidikan di Malaysia)
Abstract
Academic freedom is one of the important elements of the establishment of higher education institutions for promoting a holistic and integrated education in order to produce knowledgeable human capital. Article 10 of the Federal Constitution clearly states that it all citizens have the right and freedom to express their views freely. From the said provisions of the Federal Constitution, there are many other legal provisions that have an impact on academic freedom in Malaysia. These include the Penal Code (Act 574), the Defamation Act 1957, the Sedition Act 1948, the Printing Presses and Publications Act 1984, the Official Secrets Act 1972, the Communications and Multimedia Act 1998, the University and University Colleges Act 1971, the constitution of every educational institution in Malaysia and others. A knowledge-based society should be given the right and freedom to express any ideas, findings or reforms that can be channeled to the relevant parties for the development of the country. However, limiting the space for these rights and freedoms will result in an "infertile" climate of thinking within local society, which will eventually lead to a reduction in intellectualism. Therefore, this article is designed to provide the concepts, scope and other factors that are considered appropriate to help the public understand the reality of the situation and how it can lead to the formation of a knowledge society as outlined in the Malaysian education system.
Keywords: Academic freedom, role, strengthening of education system, knowledge society
References
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Akta Fitnah 1957 (Akta 286)
Akta Hasutan 1948 (Akta 15).
Akta Komunikasi dan Multimedia 1998 (Akta 588).
Akta Mesin Cetak dan Penerbitan 1984 (Akta 301).
Akta Rahsia Rasmi 1972 (Akta 88).
Akta Universiti dan Kolej Universiti 1971 (Akta 30).
American Association of University Professors, 1940 Statement of Principles on Academic Freedom and Tenure. (2018). Capaian daripada https://ww.aaup.org (21 September 2019).
American Council on Education, Statement on Academic Rights and Responsibilities. (2018). Capaian daripada http://ww.acenet.edu (23 September 2019).
Andrea Simina Raule, Constantin Oprean & Mihail Aurel Titu, The Role of Universities in the Knowledge Based Society. (2016). International Conference Knowledge Based Organization, XXII (I).
Anthony J. Diekema. (2000). Academic Freedom and Christian Scholarship. Michigan: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company.
Bailey, RW. (1989). Human performance engineering: using human factors/ergonomics to achieve computer system usability, 3rd. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, USA: Prentice Hall.
Caldwell, BS. (1997). Components of information flow to support coordinated task performance. International Journal of Cognitive Ergonomics, 1, 25-41. Capaian daripada https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14639220802059190 (13 September 2019).
Brock, A. (2011). Perpectives on Professionalism in A. Brock & C. Rankin [eds]. Professionalism in the Interdisciplinary Eary Year Team. New York: Continuum.
Friedson, E.. (2001). Professional Powers. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
McCombs, B.L. et al. (1991). Learner Centered Psychological Principles: Guidelines for School Redesign and Reform. Washington D.C.: American Psychological Association.
Vaske, J.M.. (1986). Critical Thinking in Adult Education: An Elusive Quest for a Definition of the Field (Unpublished Ed. D. Dissertation). Drake University.
Caldwell, BS., Components of information flow to support coordinated task performance. International Journal of Cognitive Ergonomics, 1, 1997.
Cambridge University Press, Meaning of expertise in English. (2019). Capaian daripada https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/expertise (13 September 2019).
Dear, Peter. (2004). Mysteries of State, Mysteries of Nature, Authority, Knowledge and Expertise in the Seventeenth Century. Sheila Jasanoff (Ed.), In States of Knowledge: The Co-production of Science and the Social Order, 206-224. London: Routledge.
Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, Maklumat Kata: Kamus Bahasa Melayu. (2017). http://prpm.dbp.gov.my/Cari1?keyword=pakar (13 September 2019).
Douglas Laycock. (1995). Academic Freedom, Religious Commitment, and Religious Intergrity. Marquette Law Review, 78(2), Symposium on Religiously Affliated Law Schools.
Edmund L. Pincoffs. (1975). American Council of Learned Societies, University of Texas at Austin. Graduate School University of Texas Press.
European Union. (2010). Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union, Official Journal of the European Union C83, 53, 380. Brussels: European. Capaian daripada https://www.eos.cartercenter.org (20 September 2019).
Franke, A. (2011). Academic freedom primer. Trusteeship Magazine, 4, 19. Capaian daripada https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=14830613918947687252&hl=en&as_sdt=0,5&sciodt=0,5 (25 September 2019).
Ghareeb, N. A. (2010). Academic freedom of faculty members at Kuwait University: Issues of Understanding and Freedom of Research and Publishing. United Kingdom: Cardiff University.
Grundmann R. (2017). The Problem of Expertise in Knowledge Societies. Minerva, 55(1), doi:10.1007/s11024-016-9308-7, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5306236/#CR16 (13 September 2019).
Hoffman, RR, Feltovich, PJ and Ford, KM. (1997). A general framework for conceiving expertise and expert systems in context, Expertise in context, Edited by: Feltovich, PJ, Ford, KM and Hoffman, RR. Menlo Park, California, USA: AAAI Press, 1997. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14639220802059190 (13 September 2019).
Hodgkin, Thomas. (1967). African Universities and the State: Another View. Comparative Education, 3(2), 107-111.
Karran, T., Academic freedom in Europe: A preliminary comparative analysis. Higher Education Policy, 20(3), 2007.
Karran, Terence. (2009). Academic Freedom: In Justification of a Universal Ideal. Studies in Higher Education, 34.
Kell, P., Philips, R. & Hoare, L. (2011). A Comparative Study of Selected Higher Education Systems in Asia: Country Report Australia, Unpublished Country Report, A Comparative Study of Selected Higher Education Systems in Asia, National Higher Education Research Institute. Penang: IPPTN.
Mieg, HA. (2001). The Social Psychology of Expertise: Case Studies in Research, Professional Domains, and Expert Roles. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2001, https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14639220802059190 (13 September 2019).
Morris, Arval A. (1963). Academic Freedom and Loyalty Oath. Law and Contemporary Problems, 28.
Nordström, Kurt. (1983). Control of plasmid replication: A synthesis occasioned by the recent EMBO Workshop on replication of prokaryotic DNA, held at de Eemhof, The Netherlands, May 1982 (organizers: Veltkamp and Weisbeek), Plasmid, 9(1), 1-7.
Nur Fariza Tukiman & Norhasni Zainal Abiddin. (2018). Makna Kepakaran dalam Profesion Doktor Perubatan di Malaysia. Mimbar Pendidikan: Jurnal Indonesia untuk Kajian Pendidikan, Volume 3(2), September 2018, UPI (Indonesia University of Education) Press in Bandung, West Java, Indonesia, ISSN 2527-3868 (print), 2503-457X (online), p. 138, http://ejournal.upi.edu/index.php/mimbardik (13 September 2019).
Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu, Carian PRPM: 'Bidang' (2017), http://prpmv1.dbp.gov.my/Search.aspx?k=bidang&d=10(13 September 2019).
Robert K. Poch. (1993). Academic Freedom in America Higher Education: Rights, Responsibilities, and Limitations. ERIC Clearinghouse on Higher Education, Association for the Study of Higher Education, The George Washington University, 12 May 1993.
Sarjit Kaur, Shukran Abdul Rahman & Koo Yew Lie. (2014). Comparing Selected Higher Education Systems in Asia. Kuala Lumpur: Institut Terjemahan & Buku Malaysia.
Scanlon, T. (1975). Academic Freedom and the Control of Research, in E.L Pincoffs (Ed), The Concept of Academic Freedom. Texas, USA: Austin: University of Texas Press.
Scardamalia, M and Bereiter, C. (1991). Literate expertise: In Toward a General Theory of Expertise. Ericsson, KA and Smith, J. (Eds.). New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991, https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14639220802059190 (13 September 2019).
Seifert, CM. (1997). Experience and expertise: the role of memory in planning for opportunities, Expertise in context: Human and machine. PJ, Ford, KM and Hoffman, RR. (Eds.). Menlo Park, California: The MIT Press.
Shahrina Md Nordin, Wan Fatimah Wan Ahmad, Yunus Mohd Nayan, Abdul Malek Abdul Rahman, Noraini Ismail, Noor Aini Ahmad & Othman Mohd Yunus. (2015). Towards Academic Excellence in Perak: Strenghtening the Human Capital. Kuala Lumpur: Institut Terjemahan & Buku Malaysia.
Shils, Edward. (1991). Academic Freedom. In International Higher Education: An Encyclopedia, Vol. 1. Philip Altbach (Ed.). New York and London: Garland Publishing.
Suara Rakyat Malaysia (SUARAM), (2005). The Media in Malaysia, Suara Rakyat Malaysia (SUARAM). Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Tahraoui Ramdani. (2016). The Curriculum of the Islamic Education: Theoretical and Practical Challenges. Kuala Lumpur: Institut Terjemahan dan Buku Malaysia.
Tett, R. P., & Meyer, J. P. (1993). Job satisfaction, organizational commitment, turnover intention, and turnover: Path analyses based on meta-analytic findings. Journal of Personnel Psychology, 46, 259-294, http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.1993.tb00874.x (23 September 2019).
The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). (2018). Recommendation Concerning the Status of Higher-Education Teaching Personnel. Capaian daripada https://portal .unesco.org (19 September 2019).
William W. Pendleton. (1994). The Freedom to Teach. New Directions for Higher Education, Issue 88.
Zaini Ujang. (2011). Embrace the Knowledge: Understanding Knowledge, Putting it into Practice, Kuala Lumpur: Institut Terjemahan Negara Malaysia.
Zaini Ujang. (2009). The Elevation of Higher Learning, Kuala Lumpur: Institut Terjemahan Negara Malaysia.
Published
2020-01-03
How to Cite
MAT SAAD, Hasbollah.
Academic Freedom: Strengthening the Educational System in Malaysia.
Kanun: Jurnal Undang-undang Malaysia, [S.l.], v. 32, n. 1, p. 119-144, jan. 2020.
ISSN 2682-8057.
Available at: <https://jurnal.dbp.my/index.php/Kanun/article/view/6885>. Date accessed: 27 apr. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.37052/kanun.32(1)no6.
Section
Articles
