Analysis of Nairobi International Convention on the Removal of Wrecks 2007 Implementation by Malaysia
Abstract
The Strait of Malacca is a strait used for international navigation. Although Malaysia is one of the parties to the Nairobi International Convention on the Removal of Wrecks 2007 (Nairobi Convention 2007) for removing shipwrecks in Malaysian waters, however, Malaysian laws on removing shipwrecks are still not sufficient to solve the problems that exist in the Straits of Malacca until now. This is because the removal of shipwrecks is very expensive for the parties involved, and the main problem faced by the Malaysian government is the lack of expenditure. The objective of this study is to analyze the provisions in the Nairobi Convention 2007; to identify how this Convention is implemented into Malaysian domestic law; and identify the problems that exist in the Nairobi Convention 2007 and ways to solve them. Primary sources such as international conventions and Malaysian domestic laws are used in this article. Secondary sources such as library research, website research are also important to obtain articles, online books, and newspapers. Through this study, it is foud that the Nairobi Convention 2007 aims to remove shipwrecks that pose dangers to navigation. This Convention was ratified and implemented in Malaysia in 2015 in order to be able to move shipwrecks in the Strait of Malacca, as suggested in a symposium held by the International Maritime Organization. Malaysia cannot heavily rely on the Nairobi Convention 2007 and creating its own uniform regulations for shipwreck removal is important. Appropriate action needs to be taken by Malaysia authorities to implement a comprehensive new law for the removal of shipwrecks in the Strait of Malacca.
Keywords: The Strait of Malacca, shipwrecks, Nairobi Convention 2007, Cooperative Mechanism, ratification, UNCLOS 1982
Full text: PDF
References
2. Ahmad Zawawi Saharuddin. (2019). The implementation challenge of Nairobi Wreck Removal Convention and the related analysis within the existing Malaysian national law [Tesis sarjana, World Maritime University]. World Maritime University Dissertations. https://commons.wmu.se/all_dissertations/1231/
3. Akta Warisan Kebangsaan 2005 (Akta 645). Percetakan Nasional Malaysia Berhad.
4. Convention on Limitation of Liability for Maritime Claims (LLMC 1976). https://www.imo.org/en/About/Conventions/Pages/Convention-on-Limitation-of-Liability-for-Maritime-Claims-(LLMC).aspx
5. Fabilane, J. A. (2015). An act to incorporate The Nairobi International Convention on The Removal of Wrecks, 2007, providing penalties for the violations hereof and for other purposes [Tesis Sarjana, International Maritime Law Institute]. The Maritime Commons. https://commons.wmu.se/all_dissertations/1231/
6. Ho, J. H. (2009). Enhancing safety, security, and environmental protection of the straits of Malacca and Singapore: The cooperative mechanism. Ocean Development & International Law, 40(2), 233–247. https://doi.org/10.1080/00908320902864854
7. International Maritime Organization. (2007, 4 September). The cooperative mechanism between the littoral states and user states on safety of navigation and environmental protection in the Straits of Malacca and Singapore (IMO/SGP 2.1/1/Rev. 1). https://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/Legal/Documents/SGP-2.1-1-Rev-1.pdf
8. International Maritime Organization. (2020). United Nations Convention on The Law of The Sea. https://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/Legal/Pages/UnitedNationsConventionOnTheLawOfTheSea.aspx/International Maritime Organization. (20201982). United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). https://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/Legal/Pages/UnitedNationsConventionOnTheLawOfTheSea.aspx
9. Jhonnie, M. K. (2016). Wreck removal and the nairobi convention – a movement toward a unified framework? Frontiers in Marine Science, 3(11), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2016.00011
10. International Maritime Organization. (1976). Convention on Limitation of Liability for Maritime Claims (LLMC 1976). https://www.imo.org/en/About/Conventions/Pages/Convention-on-Limitation-of-Liability-for-Maritime-Claims-(LLMC).aspx
11. Malaysia. (1957). Perlembagaan Persekutuan [Laws of Malaysia]. https://lom.agc.gov.my/federal-constitution.php
12. Malaysia. (2011). Akta Perkapalan Saudagar (Pindaan dan Perluasan) 2011 (Akta A1407). Percetakan Nasional Malaysia Berhad.Akta Perkapalan Saudagar (Pindaan dan Perluasan) 2011
13. Muhammad Andri Wibowo, Andika Tanjung, Elizal Rifardi, Yoswaty Dewi Mubarak, Rika Susanti, Ahmad Sofyan Muttaqin, Fachri Rinaldi Fajary, & Yenny Melina Anwika. (2022). Understanding the mechanism of currents through the Malacca Strait study case 2020–2022: Mean state, seasonal and monthly variation. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1118(1), 012069. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1118/1/012069
14. Muhammad Saeri. (2019). Challenges in coordinating a security arrangement in Malacca strait. Indonesian Journal of International Relations, 3(2), 17–29. https://doi.org/10.32787/ijir.v3i2.85
15. Nairobi International Convention on the Removal of Wrecks. (2007). https://www.imo.org/en/About/Conventions/Pages/Nairobi-International-Convention-on-the-Removal-of-Wrecks.aspx/
16. Ordinan Perkapalan Saudagar 1952 Malaysia. (1952). Ordinan Perkapalan Saudagar 1952 (MSO 1952) [ORD. 70/1952]. Laws of Malaysia. https://www.marine.gov.my/jlm/en/quick-links/legislation/legislation-list/senarai-akta-akta-dan-undang-undang-di-bawah-kawalan-jabatan-laut-malaysia/
17. Rosnan Fathlal. (2007). Updated project 1: Removal of wrecks in the traffic separation scheme in the straits of Malacca and Singapore. IMO/SGP 1/INF.15 [Dokumen maklumat]. International Maritime Organization..
18. Tecen, S. (2019). Legal analysis of national law on wrecks and abandoned ships in Turkish waters within the international legal framework [Tesis sarjana, World Maritime University]. The Maritime Commons: Digital Repository of the World Maritime University. https://commons.wmu.se/all_dissertations/1180/
19. United Nations. (1982). United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). https://www.un.org/depts/los/convention_agreements/texts/unclos/unclos_e.pdf
20. Wan Siti Adibah Wan Dahalan. (2017). Ancaman tumpahan bahan-bahan toksik dan berbahaya di Selat Melaka dan Selat Singapura. Impak, 45–46.
21. Yoon-Ho Song. (2009). Security in the Strait of Malacca and the Regional Maritime Security Initiative: Responses to the US proposal. Dalam M. N. Schmitt (Penyunting), Global legal challenges: Command of the commons, strategic communications, and natural disasters (Jil. 83, hlm. 97–156). Naval War College.
22. Zaid Salim. (2020). Nelayan didenda RM211,000 kerana belayar tanpa insurans. my Metro. https://www.hmetro.com.my/mutakhir/2020/12/654455/nelayan-didenda-rm211000- kerana-belayar-tanpa-insurans
23. Zainuddin Baco, Stephen Chia Ming Soon, Bilcher Bala, & Baszley Bee Basrah Bee. (2021). Mekanisme perundangan warisan kebudayaan bawah air di Semenanjung Malaysia daripada perspektif perundangan dan konvensyen antarabangsa. Jurnal Arkeologi Malaysia, 34(2), 15–29.
