Reassessing Order 18 Rule 19 of the Rules of Court 2012: Balancing the Standard of Proof with the Effective Resolution of Cases in Malaysian Civil Litigation
Abstract
There are various rules in the Rules of Court 2012. One of them is the application for striking out pleadings under Order 18, Rule 19. However, the court is more inclined to dismiss the striking-out pleadings application, even though Order 18, Rule 19, is intended to resolve cases more quickly. This tendency arises from an additional criterion: the common law principle of ‘obviously unsustainable.’ In Malaysia, several cases should have been resolved easily, but are being prolonged due to the common law principle of ‘obviously unsustainable’. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the feasibility of the common law principle of ‘obviously unsustainable’ within the theory of pragmatic adjudication and found three weaknesses. The weaknesses are that the court cannot effectively resolve the case, that it violates the common law principle of the balance of probabilities, which is commonly used in civil cases, and that the court is seen to favour the opposing party. Therefore, this paper argues that the common law principle of ‘obviously unsustainable’ should be abolished to promote the swift resolution of civil cases without compromising the integrity of the legal process.
Keywords: Rules of Court 2012, Order 18 Rule 19, interlocutory application, burden of proof, common law, pleading
Full text: PDF
References
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Purdy lwn. Cambran [1999] Lexis Citation 4011.
Raus Sharif. (2017, 10 Oktober). Judicial reforms by the Malaysian judiciary. Luncheon Talk, Malaysian Press Institute.
Republic of Peru lwn. Peruvian Guano Co. Ltd. [1886-90] All ER Rep 368.
Sathish Kumar Ayyaswamy & satu lagi lwn. Peeran Syed Mohamed Syed Mahaboob [2023] MLJU 1930.
Sathish Kumar Ayyaswamy & satu lagi lwn. Peeran Syed Mohamed Syed Mahaboob [2025] 4 MLJ 165.
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Whalen-Bridge, H. (2019). Court backlogs: Balancing efficiency and justice in Singapore. International Journal of the Legal Profession, 26(1), 159–177. https://doi.org/10.1080/09695958.2018.1490298
Wenlock lwn. Maloney [1965] 1 WLR 1238.
Woolmington lwn. Director of Public Prosecutions [1935] All ER Rep 1 (House of Lords, United Kingdom).
Akta Kehakiman Mahkamah Agung 1873 (England).
Akta Mahkamah Kehakiman 1964 (Malaysia).
Arahan Amalan Bil 7, 2015: Penubuhan Mahkamah Alam Sekitar (Sivil). https://intranet.kehakiman.gov.my/EAA/arahanamalan/18.%20Arahan%20Amalan%20Bil%207%20Tahun%202015.pdf
Arahan Amalan Hakim Besar Malaya Bil 1 Tahun 2020: Pengurusan kes sivil sebelum bicara.https://intranet.kehakiman.gov.my/EAA/arahanamalan/73491-2020-EAA.pdf
Arahan Amalan Hakim Besar Malaya Bil 1 Tahun 2021: Tambahan kepada Arahan Amalan Hakim Besar Malaya Bil 1 Tahun 2020 mengenai pengurusan kes sivil secara e-Review. https://intranet.kehakiman.gov.my/EAA/arahanamalan/20190-2021-EAA.pdf
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Azahar Mohamed. (2015). Court reform programmes: The Malaysian experience. Amicus Curiae, 102, 15–24. https://doi.org/10.14296/ac.v2015i102.2432
Bandar Builder Sdn. Bhd. & yang lain lwn. United Malayan Banking Corporation Bhd. [1993] 3 MLJ 36.
Boyd, T. S. (1936). The law and constitution of Sarawak. Journal of Comparative Legislation and International Law, 18(1), 60–70. https://www.jstor.org/stable/754047
Catajaya Sdn. Bhd. lwn. Shoppoint Sdn. Bhd. & yang lain [2021] 2 MLJ 374.
Chan, G. K. (2007). The right of access to justice: Judicial discourse in Singapore and Malaysia. Asian Journal of Comparative Law, 2(1), 1–40. https://doi.org/10.1017/S2194607800000028
Chooi, J. Y. (2019, September). Legal unsustainability and Order 18 Rule 19 of the Rules of Court. The Singapore Law Gazette. https://lawgazette.com.sg/feature/legal-unsustainability-and-order-18-rule-19-of-the-rules-of-court/
Chung Guat Hooi (MW) lwn. GH Goh [1954] 1 MLJ 131.
Cownie, F., Bradney, A., & Burton, M. (2013). English legal system in context (ed. ke-6). Oxford University Press.
Duryana Mohamed, & Afridah Abas. (2011). The process of gathering evidence in civil cases: Its application in civil and shariah courts. Malayan Law Journal, 3, cxxii.
Fion Wong Sook Ling Wong. (2021). Regarding justice: Has justice been disregarded? Legal Network Series (A), 1, lxxi.
Fortune Pharmacal Co. Ltd. lwn. Falcon Insurance Company (Hong Kong) Limited dan satu lagi - [2023] HKCU 181.
Haji Hussin Bin Haji Ali & yang lain lwn. Datuk Haji Mohamed Bin Yaacob & yang lain And Connected Cases [1983] 2 MLJ 227.
Haniwarda Yaakob. (2020). Judgements Without Trial in Civil Proceedings in Malaysia. Journal of Law and Society (JUUM), 27, 25–30. https://doi.org./10.17576/juum-2020-27-03
Hickinbottom, G. Sime, S., & French, O. (2022). Blackstone's civil practice 2022. Oxford University Press.
Hor, M. (1995). The presumption of innocence: A constitutional discourse for Singapore. Singapore Journal of Legal Studies, 365–403. https://search.informit.org/doi/epdf/10.3316/informit.687550360450611
Izmi Izdiharuddin Che Jamaludin Mahmud, & Che Mohd Hilmi
Safiuddin. (2025). Exploring the legal framework of Islamic offences in Malaysia: A constitutional and judicial analysis. Borneo Akademika, 9(1), 111–136. https://doi.org/10.24191/BA/v9i1/118999
Jabatan Perangkaan Malaysia. (2025, 31 Julai). Populasi penduduk Malaysia. OpenDOSM. https://open.dosm.gov.my/ms-MY/dashboard/population
Jackson. (2016). Civil procedure 2016 (Jid. 1). Thomson Reuters.
Jak Kwang Builders & Developers Sdn. Bhd. lwn. Pembinaan TJL (Sarawak) Sdn. Bhd. [2001] 1 MLJ 384.
John Lancaster Radiators Ltd. lwn. General Motor Radiator Co. Ltd. dan yang lain [1946] 2 All ER 685.
Junho Bae lwn. Samuel Lathan Daimwood dan satu lagi [2019] SGHCR 09.
Kaedah-kaedah Mahkamah 2012 (Malaysia).
Kaedah-Kaedah Mahkamah 2021 (Singapura).
Kaedah-kaedah Mahkamah Agung 1883 (England).
Kaedah-kaedah Mahkamah Agung 1957 (Malaysia).
Kaedah-kaedah Mahkamah Agung 1965 (England).
Kaedah-kaedah Mahkamah Daerah 1941 (Negeri-negeri Selat).
Kaedah-kaedah Mahkamah Kaunti 1981 (England).
Kaedah-kaedah Mahkamah Rendah 1950 (Malaysia).
Kaedah-kaedah Mahkamah Rendah 1980 (Malaysia).
Kaedah-kaedah Mahkamah Tinggi (Prosedur Sivil) Sarawak, Borneo Utara dan Brunei 1951 (United Kingdom).
Kaedah-kaedah Mahkamah Tinggi 1980 (Malaysia).
Kaedah-kaedah Prosedur Sivil 1998 (England).
Kaedah-kaedah Prosedur Sivil Mahkamah Agung 1934 (Negeri-Negeri Selat).
Kanun Tatacara Jenayah 1935 (Malaysia).
Kod Prosedur Sivil 1907 (Negeri-negeri Selat).
Kod Prosedur Sivil 1918 (Negeri-negeri Melayu Bersekutu).
Kod Prosedur Sivil 1926 (Negeri-negeri Selat).
Kerajaan Malaysia lwn. LFL Sdn. Bhd. & satu lagi rayuan [2022] 3 CLJ 634 Kerajaan Malaysia lwn. LFL Sdn. Bhd. & satu lagi rayuan [2024] 1 CLJ 261 Kerajaan Malaysia lwn. LFL Sdn. Bhd. & satu lagi rayuan [2025] 1 CLJ 851.
Kho Feng Ming. (2022). Managing interlocutory applications in civil litigation: A comparative study between Malaysia and Singapore. Legal Network Series (A), 1, cvi.
Koperasi Teksi Johor Bahru Bhd. lwn. Nor Amali Mohd Salleh [2024] MLJU 2380.
Kurnosov, D. (2021). Pragmatic adjudication of election cases in the European Court of Human Rights. European Journal of International Law, 32(1),
255–279. https://doi.org/10.1093/ejil/chab032
Kwai, W. W. (1997). Estoppel by convention: A cause of action? (Pt II). Malayan Law Journal, 1, xxv.
Lee Soo Chuan lwn. Lai Ah Yan & satu lagi [1972] 2 MLJ 33.
Leggatt, G. A. M. (2023, 11 Oktober). Some questions of proof and probability. [Ucap utama]. Glance conference 2023. https://supremecourt.uk/speeches/at-a-glance-conference
Leubsdorf, J. (2015). The surprising history of the preponderance standard of civil proof. Florida Law Review, 67(5), 1569–1619. https://scholarship.law.ufl.edu/flr/vol67/iss5/2
Macaskie, C. F. C. (1921). The law and legislation of the State of North Borneo. Journal of Comparative Legislation and International Law, 3(3), 200–222. https://www.jstor.org/stable/752892
Marinac, A., Simpson, B., Hart, C., Chisholm, R., Nielsen, J., & Brogan,
M. (2018). Learning law. Cambridge University Press.
Maqsood lwn. Mahmood and another [2012] EWCA Civ 251 (Mahkamah Rayuan, England).
McKibbin, S., Connors, L., & Harmes, M. (2021). A legal history for Australia. Hart Publishing.
Metropolitan Bank, Ltd, and another lwn. Pooley [1881-85] All ER Rep 949 (Dewan Pertuanan, United Kingdom).
Miller lwn. Minister of Pensions [1947] 2 All ER 372.
Ministry of Law, The Government of Singapore (2021, Jun 11). Response to Public Feedback on the Civil Justice Reforms. https://www.mlaw.gov.sg/files/news/public-consultations/2021/Consolidated_Response_to_Civil_Justice_Public_Consultation_Feedback.pdf
Mohideen Abdul Kader. (2005, 24 November). Access to justice. The Malaysian Bar. https://www.malaysianbar.org.my/article/news/legal-and-general-news/legal-news/access-to-justice-by-mohideen-abdul-kader
Netz lwn. Ede [1946] 1 All ER 628.
Ng Wai Pin lwn. Ong Yew Teik dan rayuan yang lain [2025] 3 MLJ 764.
Ordinan Kod Prosedur Sivil (Mansuh) 1957 (Persekutuan Tanah Melayu).
Ordinan Mahkamah Agung 1868 (Negeri-negeri Selat).
Ordinan Mahkamah 1873 (Negeri-negeri Selat).
Ordinan Prosedur Sivil 1878 (Negeri-negeri Selat).
Palumbo, G., Giupponi, G., Nunziata, L., & Mora-Sanguinetti, J. S. (2013). The economics of civil justice: New cross-country data and empirics (OECD Economics Department Working Papers No. 1060). Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. https://dx.doi.org/10.1787/5k41w04ds6kf-en
Phanpow lwn. Tuck Lee Mining & Co. [1959] 1 MLJ 32.
Pekeliling Ketua Pendaftar Bil. 2 Tahun 2017: Garis Masa Penyelesaian Kes Jenayah dan Sivil Bagi Mahkamah Rendah. https://intranet.kehakiman.gov.my/EAA/arahanamalan/6%20Pekeliling%20KP%20Bil.%202%202017.pdf
Penang: Past and present 1786-1963: A historical account of the city of George Town since 1786. (1966). Majlis Bandaraya George Town.
Perlembagaan persekutuan. (2020). Pesuruhjaya Penyemak Undang-undang, Malaysia.
Pihak Berkuasa Tatatertib Majlis Perbandaran Seberang Perai & satu lagi lwn. Muziadi bin Mukhtar [2020] 1 MLJ 141.
Posner, R. A. (1996). Pragmatic adjudication. Cardozo Law Review, 18(1), 1–20. https://larc.cardozo.yu.edu/clr/vol18/iss1/3
Purdy lwn. Cambran [1999] Lexis Citation 4011.
Raus Sharif. (2017, 10 Oktober). Judicial reforms by the Malaysian judiciary. Luncheon Talk, Malaysian Press Institute.
Republic of Peru lwn. Peruvian Guano Co. Ltd. [1886-90] All ER Rep 368.
Sathish Kumar Ayyaswamy & satu lagi lwn. Peeran Syed Mohamed Syed Mahaboob [2023] MLJU 1930.
Sathish Kumar Ayyaswamy & satu lagi lwn. Peeran Syed Mohamed Syed Mahaboob [2025] 4 MLJ 165.
Seruan Gemilang Makmur Sdn. Bhd. lwn. Kerajaan Negeri Pahang Darul Makmur & satu lagi [2016] 3 MLJ 1.
Sheridan, L. A. (1961). Malaya and Singapore, the Borneo territories: The development of their laws and constitutions. Stevens & Sons.
Sidek Hj. Muhamad & yang lain lwn. The Government of The State of Perak & yang lain [1982] CLJ 244.
Sinclair lwn. Chief Constable of West Yorkshire dan satu lagi [2000] Lexis Citation 4353.
Suhaizad Saifuddin. (2025). The standard of proof for case conviction: A comparative analysis from the perspective of Islam and the legal system: Darjah pembuktian bagi pensabitan kes: Analisis perbandingan menurut perspektif Islam dan sistem perundangan. Al-Qanatir: International Journal of Islamic Studies, 34(03), 29–47. https://doi.org/10.64757/alqanatir.2025.3403/1118
Surat Penting Hakim Besar Malaya Bil 1, 2025: Tempoh Penetapan Tarikh Pendengaran Saman Pemula dan Permohonan Interlokutori di Mahkamah Tinggi dan Mahkamah Rendah Seluruh Semenajung Malaysia. https://
Suruhanjaya Pelantikan Kehakiman. (t.t). Statistik perjawatan dan pengisian hakim mahkamah atasan. Suruhanjaya Pelantikan Kehakiman. https://www.jac.gov.my/ms/pelantikan/statistik
Tang Jia Yearn, Puteri Aisyah Megat Mohd Azlan, & Shahrul Mizan Ismail. (2023). Pliding: Suatu kajian perbandingan di antara Malaysia dan United Kingdom. Journal of Law and Society (JUUM). 55–66. http://ejournal.ukm.my/juum/article/view/56544/14724 intranet.kehakiman.gov.my/EAA/arahanamalan/85780-2025-EAA.pdf
TPY lwn. DZI [1997] 3 SLR 475.
Whalen-Bridge, H. (2019). Court backlogs: Balancing efficiency and justice in Singapore. International Journal of the Legal Profession, 26(1), 159–177. https://doi.org/10.1080/09695958.2018.1490298
Wenlock lwn. Maloney [1965] 1 WLR 1238.
Woolmington lwn. Director of Public Prosecutions [1935] All ER Rep 1 (House of Lords, United Kingdom).
Published
2026-07-30
How to Cite
CHE JAMALUDIN MAHMUD, Izmi Izdiharuddin.
Reassessing Order 18 Rule 19 of the Rules of Court 2012: Balancing the Standard of Proof with the Effective Resolution of Cases in Malaysian Civil Litigation.
Kanun: Jurnal Undang-undang Malaysia, [S.l.], v. 38, n. 2, july 2026.
ISSN 2682-8057.
Available at: <http://jurnal.dbp.my/index.php/Kanun/article/view/9220>. Date accessed: 21 aug. 2026.
doi: https://doi.org/10.37052/kanun.38(2)no1.
Section
Articles
