Translation Methods in the Translation of Metaphors in Haiku Ni Okeru Basho No Kokoro from Japanese into Malay
(Kaedah Penterjemahan Metafora Bahasa Jepun kepada Bahasa Melayu dalam Haiku Ni Okeru Basho No Kokoro)
Abstract
This article examines the aspect of the transfer of meaning in the translation of metaphors in a Japanese text titled Haiku Ni Okeru Basho No Kokoro (Matsuo Basho, 1644-1694), which has been translated into Malay by Leyla Shuri, (2012) under the title Sukma Basho dalam Haiku. This study aims to identify the method used in translating dead metaphors. Analysis of equivalence of meaning was carried out to evaluate the output of the translation, that is, whether certain meanings are lost as a result of under-translation or inaccurate translation procedures adopted in the translation process. The findings show that the translator has the tendency to translate dead metaphors as live metaphors in the target text, which results in the translated text being mostly an under-translation, whereas the retention of universal metaphors in the source text, whenever compatible with the culture of the target language, results in an ideal translation. It can be concluded that an important factor in producing quality haiku translations is to understand the cultural elements of the metaphors in the source language.
Keywords: haiku, metaphors, translation procedures, cultural compehension, equivalents
References
Aitken, Robert. (1978). A Zen Wave: Basho Haiku and Zen. Washington, D.C: John Weatherhill. Inc.
An Introduction to Haiku Structures Part 1, Haiku Theory Part 1 -2009 http://solarts.deviantart.com/art/Haiku-Theory-Part-1-2009-125668654 [diakses pada 1 Nov 2013].
Asmah Haji Omar. (2004). Penyelidikan, pengajaran dan pemupukan bahasa. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
Asmah Haji Omar. (2008). Ensiklopedia bahasa Melayu. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
Baker, M.. (2001). Routledge encyclopedia translation studies. London and New York: Routledge.
Bassnett-McGuire, S (ed.). (1992). Translation studies. Routledge: London and New York.
Catford, J.C. (1965). A linguistic theory of translation. London: Oxford University Press.
Clasical Japanese Database, Matsuo Basho"s Haiku. http://carlsensei.com/classical/index.php/text [diakses pada 1 Nov 2013].
Darwis Harahap. (1994). Binaan makna. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
Genji Monogatari. (1976). Ketidakbolehterjemahan Genji Monogatari. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_G._Seidensticker [diakses pada 24 Julai 2014].
Himpunan Haiku Matsuo Basho. http://www.modernhaiku.org/bookreviews/Barnhill”sBasho2005.html [diakses pada 11 Nov 2013]
Jaafar Jambi. (2001). Terjemahan bahasa kiasan dalam novel "Kokoro" dari bahasa Jepun ke bahasa Melayu: aatu analisis (Tesis Ijazah Sarjana tidak diterbitkan). Fakulti Bahasa dan Linguistik, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur.
Lakoff, G & Johnson, M. (1980). Metaphors we live by. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Larson, M.L. (1984). Meaning-based translation: a guide to cross-language equivalence. Lanham, New York and London: University Press of America.
Leyla Shuri dan Darma Mohammad. (2012). Sukma Basho dalam Haiku. Kuala Lumpur: Institut Terjemahan & Buku Malaysia.
Leyla Shuri dan Darma Mohammad. (2012). Percikan pelangi, himpunan Haiku dan Tanka. Kota Bharu: Pustaka Dewan Puisi.
Matsuo Basho Journals, http://www.uwosh.edu/facstaff/barnhill/es-244-basho/journals.pdf [diakses pada 7 Nov 2013].
Maynard Senko K. (2007). Linguistic creativity in Japanese discourse. The Netherlands: John Benjamins Publishing Co.
Munday, J. (2008). Introducing translation studies, theories and applications. 2nd Edition. Routledge: London and New York.
Newmark, P. (1981). Approach to translation. Oxford and New York: Pergamon Press.
Nida, E.A. (1964). Toward a science of translating. Leiden: E.J.Brill.
Pragglejaz. (2007). dlm Steen , G., et al. 2010. Pragglejaz in practice, finding metaphorically used words in natural discourse. Amsterdam: VU University.
Simpulan bahasa Jepun, http://nihongoland.wordpress.com/ [diakses pada 24 Julai 2014]
Soseki, Natsume. (1914). Kalbu. terjemahan Thaiyibah Sulaiman (1996). Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
Steen, G., et.al. (2010). A method for linguistic metaphor identification from MIP to MIPVU. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Co.
Steen, G., et.al. (2010). Pragglejaz in practice, finding metaphorically used words in natural discourse. VU University Amsterdam.
Temu bual dengan Hasegawa Kai. Gendai Haiku Online: Cross-cultural Studies in Gendai Haiku translated by Richard Gilbert. Kumamoto University, Japan. http://haikureality.theartofhaiku.com/esejeng87.htm [Diakses pada 27 Jan 2014].
Venuti, L. (1995). The translator's invisibility: a history of translation. 2nd Edition. Oxon: Routledge.
Venuti, L. (2004). The translation studies reader. New York: Routledge.
Keywords
Upon acceptance of an article, Authors will be asked to transfer copyright. This transfer will ensure the widest possible dissemination of information. A notification will be sent to the corresponding Author confirming receipt of the manuscript. If excerpts from other copyrighted works are included, the Author(s) must obtain written permission from the copyright owners and credit the source(s) in the article.
