Pemahaman Unsur Anthropomorphisme Sebagai Bentuk Panggilan dalam Komunikasi Berdasarkan Model Proses Tiga Serangkai
(Understanding Anthropomorphism as Address Forms in Communication Based on the Three-Step Process Model)
Abstrak
Kajian ini bertujuan mengenal pasti dan menghuraikan pemahaman makna unsur antropomorfisme yang telah digunakan oleh penutur (khusus masyarakat kelas bawahan) semasa proses menyapa atau memanggil seseorang ketika berkomunikasi. Data kajian diperoleh daripada enam filem tempatan yang bertemakan permasalahan sosial, yang dianggap mewakili proses komunikasi masyarakat kelas bawahan. Kesemua data yang dikenal pasti telah dianalisis menggunakan model proses tiga serangkai yang diperkenalkan oleh Stöver, iaitu model yang menjelaskan cara pemahaman sesuatu kata dapat dijelaskan secara berpada dan empirikal. Hasil kajian mendapati bahawa penutur menggunakan tiga perlambangan haiwan sebagai unsur antropomorfisme, iaitu anjing, ayam dan serangga (semut, kutu dan langau). Setelah dianalisis, diyakini bahawa, pemilihan ketiga-tiga haiwan tersebut tidak berlaku secara sewenang-wenang, sebaliknya bermotivasi, iaitu berkaitan dengan sistem kognitif manusia yang cepat mencari unsur keserupaan atau persamaan antara sifat haiwan dengan sifat manusia.
Kata kunci: antropomorfisme, model proses tiga serangkai, sifat haiwan, sifat manusia, proses simulasi
Rujukan
Avis, M. (2012). Humanlike brands and metaphor: Applications and consequences. Thesis Doctor of Philosophy. University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
Avis, M., Aitken, R., & Ferguson, S. (2012). Brand relationship and personality theory metaphor or consumer perceptual reality? Marketing Theory, 12 (3), 311-331.
Barrett, J.L., & Keil, F. C. (1996). Conceptualizing a nonnatural entity: Anthropomorphism in God concepts. Cognitive Psychology, 31, 219-247.
Berman, R. (2001). My pet dog. Minneapolis: Lerner Publlications Company.
Capinera, J.L. (ed.). (2008). Encyclopedia of entomology. USA: Springer Pub.
Denoon, D., Firth, S., Linnekin, J., Meleisea, M., & Nero, K. (2004). The Cambridge history of the Pacific Islanders. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Duvall Antonacopoulos, N.M., & Pychyl, T.A. (2008). An examination of the relations between social support, anthropomorphism and stress among dog owners. Anthrozoos, 21(2), 139-152.
Epley, N., Waytz, A., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2007). On seeing human: a three-factor theory of anthropomorphism. Psychological Review, 114(4), 864-866.
Epley, N., Akalis, S., Waytz, A., & Cacioppo, J.T. (2008a). Creating social connection through inferential reproduction: loneliness and perceived agency in gadgets, gods, and greyhounds. Psychological Science, 19(2), 114-120.
Epley, N., Waytz, A., Akalis, S., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2008b). When we need a human: Motivational determinants of anthropomorphism. Social Cognition, 26(2), 143-155.
Grandin, T., & Johnson, C. (2009). Animals in translation: Using the mysteries of austism to decode animal behavior. New York: Scribner.
Gries, S. T. (2009). What is corpus linguistics? Language and Linguistics Compass 3, 1-17.
Hester, R. E., & Harrison, R.M. (eds.). (2007). Biodiversity under threat: Issues in environmental science and technology. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry Publishing.
Hildyard, A (ed.). (2001). Endangered wildlife and plants of the world. New York: Marshall Cavendish Corporation
Holldobler, B., & Wilson, E.O. (1990). The ants. USA: The Belknap Press.
Ibarretxe-Antunano, I. (2008). Vision metaphors for the intellect: Are they really cross- linguistic? Journal of Association of Anglo-American Studies (ATLANTIS), 30 (1), 15-33.
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Kennedy, G. (2014). An introduction to corpus linguistics. London: Longman.
Locher, M.A., & Bousfield, D. (2008). Introduction: Impoliteness and power in language. In D. Bousfield & M. A. Locher, (eds.). Impoliteness in language: Studies on its interplay with power in theory and practice. Berlin and New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
Marlyna Maros, Aslinda John, & Mohd Baharim Mydin. (2010). Pola sapaan pelajar lelaki dan perempuan di sebuah institusi pengajian tinggi: Satu kajian sosiopragmatik. GEMA Online Journal of Language Studies, 10(2), 77-96.
Marlyna Maros. (2011). Strategi kesantunan melayu dalam membuat teguran. Jurnal Jabatan Bahasa & Kebudayaan Melayu, 3, 7-21
Mills, S. (2003). Gender and politeness. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Miller, F.P., Vandome, A.F., & McBrewster, J. (eds.). (2010). Louse: Order (biology), obligate parasite, parasitism, mammal, monotreme, platypus, bat, pangolin, pest (organism), use of DNA in forensic entomology, whale louse. New York: Alphascript Publishing.
Mithen, S.J. (2005). Creativity in human evolution and prehistory. New York: Routledge.
Muir, W. M., & Aggrey, S.E. (ed.). (2003). Poultry genetics, breeding and biotechnology. Wallingford: CABI Publishing
Nestle, M., & Nesheim, M.C. (2010). The authoritative guide to feeding your dog and cat, feed your pet right. New York: Free Press.
Nicol, C.J. (2015). The behavioural biology of chickens. Oxfordshire: Cabi.Org
Nor Hashimah Jalaludin, Harishon Radzi, & Maslida Yusof. (2002). Kata panggilan dalam masyarakat Melayu: Analisis sosiolinguistik dan pragmatik. Jurnal Bahasa, 2(2), 224-257.
Passera, L. (2014). Soldier determination in ants of the genus pheidole. In J. A. L.Watson, B. M.Okot-kotber, & CH. Noirot (eds.), Caste differentiation in social insects (331-346). Oxford: Pergamon Press.
Rechcigl, J.E., & Rechcigl, N.A. (2000). Biological and biotechnological control of insect pests. London: Lewis Publishers.
Reniwati, & Ab. Razak Ab. Karim. (2015). Kata sapaan separa rasmi dalam masyarakat Minangkabau di Kabupaten 50 kota dan daerah Rembau: Suatu kajian perbandingan. Jurnal Antarabangsa Alam dan Tamadun Melayu (Iman), 3(1), 63-70.
Sawan @ Mohammad Syawal bin Narawi. 2013. Kata panggilan masyarakat Kelabit. Tesis Ijazah Doktor Falsafah. Pusat Pengajian Pendidikan dan Bahasa Moden. Universiti Utara Malaysia
Scholl, B.J., & Tremoulet, P.D. (2000). Perceptual causality and animacy. Trends in Cognitive Science, 4, 200-309.
Sims, V. K., Chin, M.G., Sushil, D.J., Barber, D.J., Ballion, T., Clark, B. R., & Finkelstein, N. (2005). Anthropomorphism of robotic forms: A response to affordances? Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, 49(3), 602–605.
Stöver, Hanna. (2010). Metaphor and relevance theory: A new hybrid model. Disertasi Ph.D. University of Bedfordshire.
Tendahl, M. (2008). A hybrid theory of metaphors: Relevance theory and cognitif linguistics. Disertasi Ph.D. University of Dortmund.
Tendahl, M. & Gibbs, R.W. (2008). Complementary perspectives on metaphor: Cognitive linguistics and relevance theory. Journal of Pragmatics, 40, 1823-1864.
Teo Kok Seong. (2003). Bentuk panggilan sebagai pernyataan hubungan sosial. Pelita Bahasa, 15(2), 12-14.
Unger, C. (2002). Cognitive-pragmatics explanations of socio-pragmatic phenomena: The case of genre. Paper read at the EPICS I Symposium, Sevilla, Spain, April 10-12, 2002.
Waytz, A., Cacioppo, J., & Epley, N. (2010). Who see human?: The stability and importance of individual differences in anthropomorphism. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 5(3), 219- 232.
Wetzel, L. (2009). Types and tokens: On abstract objects. Cambridge: The MIT Press.
Złotowski, J., Strasser, E., & Bartneck, C. (2014). Dimensions of anthropomorphism from humanness to humanlikeness. Proceedings of the 2014 ACM/IEEE international conference on Human-robot interaction. 66-73.
Avis, M., Aitken, R., & Ferguson, S. (2012). Brand relationship and personality theory metaphor or consumer perceptual reality? Marketing Theory, 12 (3), 311-331.
Barrett, J.L., & Keil, F. C. (1996). Conceptualizing a nonnatural entity: Anthropomorphism in God concepts. Cognitive Psychology, 31, 219-247.
Berman, R. (2001). My pet dog. Minneapolis: Lerner Publlications Company.
Capinera, J.L. (ed.). (2008). Encyclopedia of entomology. USA: Springer Pub.
Denoon, D., Firth, S., Linnekin, J., Meleisea, M., & Nero, K. (2004). The Cambridge history of the Pacific Islanders. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Duvall Antonacopoulos, N.M., & Pychyl, T.A. (2008). An examination of the relations between social support, anthropomorphism and stress among dog owners. Anthrozoos, 21(2), 139-152.
Epley, N., Waytz, A., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2007). On seeing human: a three-factor theory of anthropomorphism. Psychological Review, 114(4), 864-866.
Epley, N., Akalis, S., Waytz, A., & Cacioppo, J.T. (2008a). Creating social connection through inferential reproduction: loneliness and perceived agency in gadgets, gods, and greyhounds. Psychological Science, 19(2), 114-120.
Epley, N., Waytz, A., Akalis, S., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2008b). When we need a human: Motivational determinants of anthropomorphism. Social Cognition, 26(2), 143-155.
Grandin, T., & Johnson, C. (2009). Animals in translation: Using the mysteries of austism to decode animal behavior. New York: Scribner.
Gries, S. T. (2009). What is corpus linguistics? Language and Linguistics Compass 3, 1-17.
Hester, R. E., & Harrison, R.M. (eds.). (2007). Biodiversity under threat: Issues in environmental science and technology. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry Publishing.
Hildyard, A (ed.). (2001). Endangered wildlife and plants of the world. New York: Marshall Cavendish Corporation
Holldobler, B., & Wilson, E.O. (1990). The ants. USA: The Belknap Press.
Ibarretxe-Antunano, I. (2008). Vision metaphors for the intellect: Are they really cross- linguistic? Journal of Association of Anglo-American Studies (ATLANTIS), 30 (1), 15-33.
Juliana Abdul Wahab, & Mahyuddin Ahmad. (2009). Filem box office dan ideologi: satu kajian terhadap filem-filem terpilih di Malaysia. Wacana Seni: Journal of Arts Discourse, 8, 43-68.
Kennedy, G. (2014). An introduction to corpus linguistics. London: Longman.
Locher, M.A., & Bousfield, D. (2008). Introduction: Impoliteness and power in language. In D. Bousfield & M. A. Locher, (eds.). Impoliteness in language: Studies on its interplay with power in theory and practice. Berlin and New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
Marlyna Maros, Aslinda John, & Mohd Baharim Mydin. (2010). Pola sapaan pelajar lelaki dan perempuan di sebuah institusi pengajian tinggi: Satu kajian sosiopragmatik. GEMA Online Journal of Language Studies, 10(2), 77-96.
Marlyna Maros. (2011). Strategi kesantunan melayu dalam membuat teguran. Jurnal Jabatan Bahasa & Kebudayaan Melayu, 3, 7-21
Mills, S. (2003). Gender and politeness. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Miller, F.P., Vandome, A.F., & McBrewster, J. (eds.). (2010). Louse: Order (biology), obligate parasite, parasitism, mammal, monotreme, platypus, bat, pangolin, pest (organism), use of DNA in forensic entomology, whale louse. New York: Alphascript Publishing.
Mithen, S.J. (2005). Creativity in human evolution and prehistory. New York: Routledge.
Muir, W. M., & Aggrey, S.E. (ed.). (2003). Poultry genetics, breeding and biotechnology. Wallingford: CABI Publishing
Nestle, M., & Nesheim, M.C. (2010). The authoritative guide to feeding your dog and cat, feed your pet right. New York: Free Press.
Nicol, C.J. (2015). The behavioural biology of chickens. Oxfordshire: Cabi.Org
Nor Hashimah Jalaludin, Harishon Radzi, & Maslida Yusof. (2002). Kata panggilan dalam masyarakat Melayu: Analisis sosiolinguistik dan pragmatik. Jurnal Bahasa, 2(2), 224-257.
Passera, L. (2014). Soldier determination in ants of the genus pheidole. In J. A. L.Watson, B. M.Okot-kotber, & CH. Noirot (eds.), Caste differentiation in social insects (331-346). Oxford: Pergamon Press.
Rechcigl, J.E., & Rechcigl, N.A. (2000). Biological and biotechnological control of insect pests. London: Lewis Publishers.
Reniwati, & Ab. Razak Ab. Karim. (2015). Kata sapaan separa rasmi dalam masyarakat Minangkabau di Kabupaten 50 kota dan daerah Rembau: Suatu kajian perbandingan. Jurnal Antarabangsa Alam dan Tamadun Melayu (Iman), 3(1), 63-70.
Sawan @ Mohammad Syawal bin Narawi. 2013. Kata panggilan masyarakat Kelabit. Tesis Ijazah Doktor Falsafah. Pusat Pengajian Pendidikan dan Bahasa Moden. Universiti Utara Malaysia
Scholl, B.J., & Tremoulet, P.D. (2000). Perceptual causality and animacy. Trends in Cognitive Science, 4, 200-309.
Sims, V. K., Chin, M.G., Sushil, D.J., Barber, D.J., Ballion, T., Clark, B. R., & Finkelstein, N. (2005). Anthropomorphism of robotic forms: A response to affordances? Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, 49(3), 602–605.
Stöver, Hanna. (2010). Metaphor and relevance theory: A new hybrid model. Disertasi Ph.D. University of Bedfordshire.
Tendahl, M. (2008). A hybrid theory of metaphors: Relevance theory and cognitif linguistics. Disertasi Ph.D. University of Dortmund.
Tendahl, M. & Gibbs, R.W. (2008). Complementary perspectives on metaphor: Cognitive linguistics and relevance theory. Journal of Pragmatics, 40, 1823-1864.
Teo Kok Seong. (2003). Bentuk panggilan sebagai pernyataan hubungan sosial. Pelita Bahasa, 15(2), 12-14.
Unger, C. (2002). Cognitive-pragmatics explanations of socio-pragmatic phenomena: The case of genre. Paper read at the EPICS I Symposium, Sevilla, Spain, April 10-12, 2002.
Waytz, A., Cacioppo, J., & Epley, N. (2010). Who see human?: The stability and importance of individual differences in anthropomorphism. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 5(3), 219- 232.
Wetzel, L. (2009). Types and tokens: On abstract objects. Cambridge: The MIT Press.
Złotowski, J., Strasser, E., & Bartneck, C. (2014). Dimensions of anthropomorphism from humanness to humanlikeness. Proceedings of the 2014 ACM/IEEE international conference on Human-robot interaction. 66-73.
Telah diterbitkan
2018-01-26
Bagaimana untuk memetik sitasi
Isam, H., Mutalib, M., & Yaakub, Y.
(2018).
Pemahaman Unsur Anthropomorphisme Sebagai Bentuk Panggilan dalam Komunikasi Berdasarkan Model Proses Tiga Serangkai.
Jurnal Bahasa, 17(2), 249-278.
Dicapai daripada https://jurnal.dbp.my/index.php/jurnalbahasa/article/view/2522/1419
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