Penanda Santun dalam Perbualan Kanak-kanak Melayu
(Politeness Markers in the Conversation of Malay Children)
Abstrak
Makalah ini mengenal pasti dan menganalisis penggunaan penanda santun dalam perbualan kanak-kanak Melayu. Kajian yang menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif ini menggunakan kaedah persampelan. Sebanyak 20 orang kanak-kanak Melayu berumur enam tahun dipilih daripada empat buah tadika atau prasekolah. Data diperoleh melalui rakaman perbualan kanak-kanak Melayu tersebut semasa melaksanakan aktiviti pembelajaran formal di dalam kelas dan seterusnya dianalisis menggunakan prinsip kesopanan Leech (1983). Dapatan kajian menunjukkan bahawa kanak-kanak Melayu di tadika atau prasekolah telah menggunakan beberapa penanda santun dalam perbualan mereka dengan rakan dan penyelidik. Penanda santun yang paling kerap digunakan ialah kata 'boleh', diikuti dengan kata 'tolong' dan 'terima kasih'. Sehubungan itu, kajian ini juga mendapati bahawa penggunaan maksim santun adalah paling dominan dalam perbualan kanak-kanak Melayu.
Kata kunci: kesantunan berbahasa, penanda santun, kanak-kanak, Prinsip Kesopanan Leech
Rujukan
Aijmer K. (1996). Conversational routine in English : convention and creativity. London & New York: Longman.
Aliakbari, M dan Moalemi, R. (2015). Variation of Politeness Strategies among the Iranian Students dalam Theory and Practice. Language Studies, 5 (5): 981-988.
Asmah Haji Omar. (2000). Wacana, perbincangan, perbahasan dan perundingan. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
Azni Ahmad. (2012). Strategi komunikasi kanak-kanak Jepun prasekolah. (Tesis Sarjana yang tidak diterbitkan). Universiti Malaya
Baumeister, R.F., Ilko, S.A. (1995). Shallow Gratitude: Public and Private Acknowledgement of External Help in Accounts of Success. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 16: 191-209.
Blum-Kulka, S., Ohlshtain, E. (1984). Request and Apologies: A Cross-Cultural Study of Speech Act Realization Patterns. Applied Linguistic, 5(3): 196-213.
Blum-Kulka, Shoshana, Juliane House dan Gabriele Kasper. (1989). Cross-cultural pragmatics: request and apologies. Norwood,New Jersey: Ablex.
Bousfield, D. (2008). Impoliteness in interaction. Amsterdam. John Benjamin.
Brown, P.,& Levinson, S., (1987). Politeness: some universal in language usage. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Bulderski, M. (2010). Socializing Politeness Routines: Action, Other Orientation and Embodiment in a Japanese Preschool. Journal of Pragmatics, 42, 1606-1621.
Cohen, A. D. (2008). Teaching and assessing L2 pragmatics: what can we expect from learners? Language Teaching, 41(2), 213-235.
Crystal, D. (1976). Child language, learning and linguistic: an overview for the teaching and therapeutic professions. Great Britain: Edward Arnold.
Doran C.French et. al. (2011). Four children and one toy: Chinese and Canadian children faced with potential conflict over a limited resource. Child Development, 82, 830-841.
Eisenstein, M., Bodman, J. (1986). I very appreciate: expression of gratitude by native and non-native speakers of American English. Applied Linguistics, 7(2), 167-185.
Emmons, R. A., & Shelton, C. M. (2002). Gratitude and the Science of Positive Psychology. Handbook of positive psychology, 459-471. C. R. Snyder & S. J. Lopez (ed.). London: Oxford University Press.
Farahnaz Mohd. Khalib dan Asma Tayeh. (2013). Indirectness in English request among Malay university students. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 134 :44-52.
Faridah Noor Mohd Noor. (2008). Politeness through a Child's Eyes. Maya Khemlani David & Karen Kow Yip Cheng (ed.). Politeness in Malaysian family talk, Serdang: Penerbit Universiti Putra Malaysia.
Fukushima, Saeko. (1996). Request strategies in British English and Japanese. Language Sciences, 18 (3-4), 671-688.
Gordon, D., Ervin-Tripp, S. (1984). The Structure of Children's Request. The acquisition of communicative competence R.L. Schiefelbusch & J. Pickar (ed.). Baltimore: University Park Press.
Grice H.P. (1975). Logic and Conversation dalam Syntax and Semantics Vol 3: Speech Acts, disunting oleh P.Cole dan J.L Morgan. New York: Academic Press.
Grundy, P. (2000). Doing Pragmatics. New York: Arnold Publishers.
Hassal, T. (2003). Request by Australian learners of Indonesian. Journal of Pragmatics, 35, 1903-1928.
Heinemann, T. (2006). "Will you or can't you? Displaying entitlement in interrogative requests. Journal of Pragmatics, 38: 1081-1104.
Holmes, J. (1983). The structure of teachers' directives. Language and Communication, 89-115. London: Addison Wesley Longman Limited.
House, J & G Kasper. (1981). Politeness markers in English and German. Conversational Routines, 157. F. Coulmas (ed.). The Hague. Mouton Publisher.
Kow, Y.C. (2006). Negation and the role of gender and ethnic identity in the discourse of Malaysian children. Multilingua, 25, 9-25.
Lakoff, R. T. (1972). Language in context. Language, 48 (4), 907-927.
Lakoff, R. T. 1973. The logic of politeness, or minding your P's and Q's. Chicago Linguistics Society, 9, 292-305.
Le Compte, M. & Preissle, J. (1993). Ethnography and qualitative design: educational research. London. Academic Press Inc.
Leech, G. 1983. Principles of pragmatics. United States of America: Longman Group.
Marlyna Maros & Mohd. Baharim Mayidin. (2011). Jenis dan fungsi sapaan serta persepsi kesantunan dalam interaksi di kaunter pertanyaan. Jurnal Bahasa, 11(2), 219-226.
Mohammad Idris. (2000). Kesantunan Berbahasa dalam Perbualan Keluarga Melayu. (Tesis Sarjana yang tidak diterbitkan). Universiti Malaya.
Mohammad Fadzeli Jaafar. (2012). Aspek permintaan dan hubungannya dengan kesantunan berbahasa dalam prinsip dan aplikasi kesantunan berbahasa disunting. Marlyna Maros et al. (ed.), hlm. 265-282. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
Mohsen Shahrokhi and Farinaz Shirani Bidabadi. (2013). An overview of politeness theories: current status, future orientation. American Journal of Linguistics, 2(2), 17-27.
Ogiermann, Eva. (2015). In/directness in polish children's request at the dinner table. Journal of Pragmatics, 82, 67-82.
Pishghadam, R., Zarei, S. (2012). Cross-cultural comparison of gratitude expression in persian, chinese and American English. English Language Teaching, 5 (1), 117-126.
Radiah Yusoff dan Nor' Aini Ismail. (2000). Weltanschauung semantik Melayu terhadap sungai: kajian makna tak harfiah dalam bahasa kiasan. Jurnal Dewan Bahasa, 44(7), 738-748.
Raja Rozina Raja Suleiman. (2003). Face considerations in Malay: an examination of offers and requests in Malay plays. (Tesis PhD. yang tidak diterbitkan) Universiti Malaya.
Sara Beden & Indirawati Zahid. (2015). Analisis kesopanan bahasa dalam novel Melunas Rindu: aplikasi maksim Leech dan Grice. Jurnal Bahasa, 15:1, 143-154
Shahrokhi, M. & Bidabadi, F. S. (2013). An overview of politeness theories: current status, future orientation. American Journal of Linguistics, 2(2), 17-27.
Sharon L. James. (1978). Effect of listener age and situation on the politeness of children directives. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 7(4), 307-317
Tajeddin Z dan Pezeshky M. (2014). Acquisition of politeness marker in an efl context: impact of input enhancement and output task. RELC Journal, 45(3), 269-286.
Wang, M dan Peng, Y. (2015). A pragmatic study of Chinese and Western linguistic politeness. International Conference on Social Science and Technology Education, 192-197.
Watts, R. J. (2003). Key topics on sociolinguistics: politeness. United Kingdom. Cambridge University Press.
Wootton, A. (2005). Interactional and Sequential Configuration Informing Request Format Selection in Children's Speech. Syntax and Lexis in Conversation: Studies on the Use of Linguistic Resources. Talk-in-interaction. A. Hakulinen, & M. Selting (ed.), 185-208.
Zaitul Azma Zainon Hamzah et al. 2011. Kesantunan bahasa dalam kalangan pelajar sekolah menengah. Jurnal Bahasa, 11(2), 321-329.
Zheng, S. (2015). A study of politeness strategies in persuasive English business letters from the perspective of Londo's AIDA formula. Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 5(7), 1467-1475.
Aliakbari, M dan Moalemi, R. (2015). Variation of Politeness Strategies among the Iranian Students dalam Theory and Practice. Language Studies, 5 (5): 981-988.
Asmah Haji Omar. (2000). Wacana, perbincangan, perbahasan dan perundingan. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
Azni Ahmad. (2012). Strategi komunikasi kanak-kanak Jepun prasekolah. (Tesis Sarjana yang tidak diterbitkan). Universiti Malaya
Baumeister, R.F., Ilko, S.A. (1995). Shallow Gratitude: Public and Private Acknowledgement of External Help in Accounts of Success. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 16: 191-209.
Blum-Kulka, S., Ohlshtain, E. (1984). Request and Apologies: A Cross-Cultural Study of Speech Act Realization Patterns. Applied Linguistic, 5(3): 196-213.
Blum-Kulka, Shoshana, Juliane House dan Gabriele Kasper. (1989). Cross-cultural pragmatics: request and apologies. Norwood,New Jersey: Ablex.
Bousfield, D. (2008). Impoliteness in interaction. Amsterdam. John Benjamin.
Brown, P.,& Levinson, S., (1987). Politeness: some universal in language usage. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Bulderski, M. (2010). Socializing Politeness Routines: Action, Other Orientation and Embodiment in a Japanese Preschool. Journal of Pragmatics, 42, 1606-1621.
Cohen, A. D. (2008). Teaching and assessing L2 pragmatics: what can we expect from learners? Language Teaching, 41(2), 213-235.
Crystal, D. (1976). Child language, learning and linguistic: an overview for the teaching and therapeutic professions. Great Britain: Edward Arnold.
Doran C.French et. al. (2011). Four children and one toy: Chinese and Canadian children faced with potential conflict over a limited resource. Child Development, 82, 830-841.
Eisenstein, M., Bodman, J. (1986). I very appreciate: expression of gratitude by native and non-native speakers of American English. Applied Linguistics, 7(2), 167-185.
Emmons, R. A., & Shelton, C. M. (2002). Gratitude and the Science of Positive Psychology. Handbook of positive psychology, 459-471. C. R. Snyder & S. J. Lopez (ed.). London: Oxford University Press.
Farahnaz Mohd. Khalib dan Asma Tayeh. (2013). Indirectness in English request among Malay university students. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 134 :44-52.
Faridah Noor Mohd Noor. (2008). Politeness through a Child's Eyes. Maya Khemlani David & Karen Kow Yip Cheng (ed.). Politeness in Malaysian family talk, Serdang: Penerbit Universiti Putra Malaysia.
Fukushima, Saeko. (1996). Request strategies in British English and Japanese. Language Sciences, 18 (3-4), 671-688.
Gordon, D., Ervin-Tripp, S. (1984). The Structure of Children's Request. The acquisition of communicative competence R.L. Schiefelbusch & J. Pickar (ed.). Baltimore: University Park Press.
Grice H.P. (1975). Logic and Conversation dalam Syntax and Semantics Vol 3: Speech Acts, disunting oleh P.Cole dan J.L Morgan. New York: Academic Press.
Grundy, P. (2000). Doing Pragmatics. New York: Arnold Publishers.
Hassal, T. (2003). Request by Australian learners of Indonesian. Journal of Pragmatics, 35, 1903-1928.
Heinemann, T. (2006). "Will you or can't you? Displaying entitlement in interrogative requests. Journal of Pragmatics, 38: 1081-1104.
Holmes, J. (1983). The structure of teachers' directives. Language and Communication, 89-115. London: Addison Wesley Longman Limited.
House, J & G Kasper. (1981). Politeness markers in English and German. Conversational Routines, 157. F. Coulmas (ed.). The Hague. Mouton Publisher.
Kow, Y.C. (2006). Negation and the role of gender and ethnic identity in the discourse of Malaysian children. Multilingua, 25, 9-25.
Lakoff, R. T. (1972). Language in context. Language, 48 (4), 907-927.
Lakoff, R. T. 1973. The logic of politeness, or minding your P's and Q's. Chicago Linguistics Society, 9, 292-305.
Le Compte, M. & Preissle, J. (1993). Ethnography and qualitative design: educational research. London. Academic Press Inc.
Leech, G. 1983. Principles of pragmatics. United States of America: Longman Group.
Marlyna Maros & Mohd. Baharim Mayidin. (2011). Jenis dan fungsi sapaan serta persepsi kesantunan dalam interaksi di kaunter pertanyaan. Jurnal Bahasa, 11(2), 219-226.
Mohammad Idris. (2000). Kesantunan Berbahasa dalam Perbualan Keluarga Melayu. (Tesis Sarjana yang tidak diterbitkan). Universiti Malaya.
Mohammad Fadzeli Jaafar. (2012). Aspek permintaan dan hubungannya dengan kesantunan berbahasa dalam prinsip dan aplikasi kesantunan berbahasa disunting. Marlyna Maros et al. (ed.), hlm. 265-282. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
Mohsen Shahrokhi and Farinaz Shirani Bidabadi. (2013). An overview of politeness theories: current status, future orientation. American Journal of Linguistics, 2(2), 17-27.
Ogiermann, Eva. (2015). In/directness in polish children's request at the dinner table. Journal of Pragmatics, 82, 67-82.
Pishghadam, R., Zarei, S. (2012). Cross-cultural comparison of gratitude expression in persian, chinese and American English. English Language Teaching, 5 (1), 117-126.
Radiah Yusoff dan Nor' Aini Ismail. (2000). Weltanschauung semantik Melayu terhadap sungai: kajian makna tak harfiah dalam bahasa kiasan. Jurnal Dewan Bahasa, 44(7), 738-748.
Raja Rozina Raja Suleiman. (2003). Face considerations in Malay: an examination of offers and requests in Malay plays. (Tesis PhD. yang tidak diterbitkan) Universiti Malaya.
Sara Beden & Indirawati Zahid. (2015). Analisis kesopanan bahasa dalam novel Melunas Rindu: aplikasi maksim Leech dan Grice. Jurnal Bahasa, 15:1, 143-154
Shahrokhi, M. & Bidabadi, F. S. (2013). An overview of politeness theories: current status, future orientation. American Journal of Linguistics, 2(2), 17-27.
Sharon L. James. (1978). Effect of listener age and situation on the politeness of children directives. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 7(4), 307-317
Tajeddin Z dan Pezeshky M. (2014). Acquisition of politeness marker in an efl context: impact of input enhancement and output task. RELC Journal, 45(3), 269-286.
Wang, M dan Peng, Y. (2015). A pragmatic study of Chinese and Western linguistic politeness. International Conference on Social Science and Technology Education, 192-197.
Watts, R. J. (2003). Key topics on sociolinguistics: politeness. United Kingdom. Cambridge University Press.
Wootton, A. (2005). Interactional and Sequential Configuration Informing Request Format Selection in Children's Speech. Syntax and Lexis in Conversation: Studies on the Use of Linguistic Resources. Talk-in-interaction. A. Hakulinen, & M. Selting (ed.), 185-208.
Zaitul Azma Zainon Hamzah et al. 2011. Kesantunan bahasa dalam kalangan pelajar sekolah menengah. Jurnal Bahasa, 11(2), 321-329.
Zheng, S. (2015). A study of politeness strategies in persuasive English business letters from the perspective of Londo's AIDA formula. Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 5(7), 1467-1475.
Telah diterbitkan
2018-01-25
Bagaimana untuk memetik sitasi
Tahir, R., & Hamzah, Z.
(2018).
Penanda Santun dalam Perbualan Kanak-kanak Melayu.
Jurnal Bahasa, 17(1), 193-209.
Dicapai daripada https://jurnal.dbp.my/index.php/jurnalbahasa/article/view/792/1417
Seksyen
Artikel
Kata Kunci
kesantunan berbahasa, penanda santun, kanak-kanak, Prinsip Kesopanan Leech
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