Pilihan bahasa dalam domain perdagangan di Malaysia
Abstrak
Bahasa Inggeris bahasa kedua yang utama dalam kalangan masyarakat pelbagai bahasa di Malaysia. Kajian ini direka bentuk untuk mengkaji bagaimana dalam suasana pelbagai keturunan di Malaysia, rakyat di negara ini (Melayu, Cina, dan India) sebenar-benarnya menggunakan dan mengubah bahasa masing-masing apabila berinteraksi antara satu sama lain. Giles, Taylor, dan Bourhis (1973) memperkenalkan Teori Akomodasi untuk menerangkan kegunaan bahasa, dan penilaian dari segi proses psikologi sosial pada peringkat antara perorangan. Ketiga-tiga penyelidik ini memberi penekanan kepada strategi bahasa: Penumpuan dan pencapahan. Memandangkan kehendak suasana merupakan faktor penting yang mempengaruhi pilihan bahasa, maka kajian ini memberi perhatian kepada pilihan bahasa dalam urus niaga pemiagaan. Salah satu daripada tujuan penyelidikan yang mencerap penggunaan bahasa dalam suasana sedemikian adalah untuk menentukan sama ada peniaga di Malaysia membuat penumpuan bahasa atau sebaliknya terhadap pelanggan masing-masing. Kajian Japangan mengenai tingkah laku bahasa yang sebenar dalam urus niaga pemiagaan di Kuala Lumpur ini mendapati bahawa pengalihan kod, iaitu penggunaan dua atau lebih kod atau bahasa dalam sesuatu ujaran adalah lumrah dalam masyarakat Malaysia. Makalah ini turut membincangkan faktor lain seperti taraf sosioekonomi, kesepaduan dalam kumpulan dan kecekapan berbahasa yang menjadi penyebab kepada kemunculan jenis linguistik yang lain daripada yang lain ini, iaitu pengalihan kod dalam komunikasi dalam kalangan masyarakat Malaysia.
Rujukan
1. Abdullah Hassan, 1987. Tiga Puluh Tahun Perancangan Bahasa Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
2. Asmah Haji Omar, 1977. Kepelbagaian Fonologi Dialek-dialek Melayu. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
3. Asmah Haji Omar, 1982. Language and Society in Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
4. Asmah Haji Omar, 1987. National Language and Communication in Multilingual Societies. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
5. Asmah Haji Omar, 1989. "English in Malaysia: A Typology of its Status and Role". Kertas kerja yang dibentangkan di Persidangan Third Tun Razak International Conference on Language Planning in Southeast Asia, Ohio University: Amerika Syarikat.
6. Asmah Haji Omar, 1997. Personal Communication.
7. Baskaran, L.M. 1987. "Aspects of Malaysian English Syntax". Tesis Ph.D yang belum diterbitkan. University College, University of London.
8. Bradac, James. Robert Hooper dan John Wiemann, 1989. "Message Effects: Retrospect and Prospect". Dlm. Braddac, James (ed.) Message Effects in Communication Styles. Hlm. 294-317, Newbury Park: Sage.
9. Berger, Charles R. dan James Bradac, 1982. Language and Social Knowledge. London: Edward Arnold.
10. Blom, J. P. dan Gumperz, J.J. 1972. "Social Meaning in Linguistic Structures: Code switching in Norway". Dlm. J.J. Gumperz dan D. Hymes (ed.) Directions in Sociolinguistics: the Ethnography of Communication, hlm. 407-34 New York: Rinehart and Winston.
11. Bordieux, P. 1994. Language and Symbolic Power. Oxford: Blackwell.
12. Coupland, Nikolas dan Adam Jaworski, 1997. Relevance. Accomodation and Concersation: Modelling the Social Dimension of Communication Multilingua 16-2/3 233- 258.
13. David, M. K. 1992. ''The Sindhis in Malaysia-Language Maintenance, Language Joss or Language Death" dlm. Proceedings of the International Conference on Bilingualism and National Development, Brunei, Jilid 1.
14. David, M. K. 1996. "Language Shift among the Sindhis of Malaysia". Tesis Ph.D yang belum diterbitkan. Universiti Malaya.
15. David, M. K. 1997. "The Language of Malaysiaan Youth". Kertas kerja yang dibentangkan di English is an Asian Language: The Malaysia Context di Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
16. David, M. K. 1998. "Language Shift, Cultural Maintenance and Ethnic Identity; A Study of A Minority Community: the Sindhis of Malaysia", dlm. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 130 67-76.
17. David, M. K. 1999a. "Language Shift? A study of a Minority Community: The Sindhis of Malaysia". Dlm. South Pacific Journal of Psychology Special Issue: Asian-Pacific Language Research, hlm. 61-67.
18. David, M. K. dan Faridah Noor, 1999b. "Language Maintenance or Language Shift in the Portuguese Settlement in Malacca, Malaysia" dlm. Journal of Migration 4199.
19. David, M. K. 1999c. "Bilingual Language Policy: The Malaysia Experience". Kertas kerja yang dibentangkan di Persidangan Language in Education in Post Colonial Societies, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, April.
20. De Bot, R. dan Clyne, 1994. "A 16 Year Longitudinal Study of Language Attrition in Dutch Immigrants in Australia". Dlm. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 15:1, 17-28.
21. Fishman, J. A. 1965. "Who Speaks What language to Whom and When"? Dlm. Linguistics 2, 67-88.
22. Fishman, J. A. dan Greenfield, L. 1970. "Situational Measures of Normative Language Views in Relation to Person, Place and topic among Puerto Rican Bilinguals". Dlm. Anthorpes, 65:602-618.
23. Fishman, J. 1972. "Domains and the Relationship Between Micro and Macro Sociolinguistics". J. Gumperz dan Dell Hymes (ed.) dlm. Directions in Sociolinguistics 267-288. New York: Holt and Reinhart.
24. Gardner-Chloros, P. 1991. Language Selection and Switching in Strasbourg. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
25. General Report of the Population Census, Jilid 1 Population and Housing Census of Malaysia. 1991. Kuala Lumpur: Jabatan Perangkaan Malaysia.
26. Giles, Howard, D. M. Taylor dan Richard Y. Bourhis, 1973. ''Towards a Theory of Interpersonal Accommodation Through Language: Some Canadian Data" dlm. Language in Society" 2, 177-192.
27. Giles, H. 1977. Language Ethnicity and Intergroup Relations. London: Academic Press.
28. Giles, H. dan P Johnson, 1981. "The role of language in Ethnic Group Relations". Dlm. J.C. Turner dan H. Giles (ed.) hlm. 199-243. Intergroup Behaviour. dlm. Oxford: Blackwell.
29. Giles, H. 1984. "The Dynamics of Speech Accommodation" dlm. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 46, 20-42.
30. Giles., H., Mulac, A Bradac, J dan Johnson P. 1987. "Speech Accomodation Theory The First Decade and Beyond". Dlm. M.L Mclaughlin (ed.) Communication Yearbook 10, 13-48. Sage.
31. Giles, H., dan Nikolas Coupland, 1991. Language, Contexts and Consequences. Milton Keynes: Open University Press.
32. Gumperz, J. 1964. "Linguistic and Social Interaction in Two Communities". Dlm. American Anthropologist, 66:6 137-54.
33. Gumperz, John J. 1982. Discourse Strategies. Cambridge: CUP.
34. Halliday, M. 1973. Explorations in the Functions of Language. London: Edward Arnold.
35. Heller, M. 1988. Code-switching: Anthropological and Sociolinguistic Perspecrives: Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
36. Jamaliah Mohamad Ali, 1995. "Malaysian Student Seminar - a study of Pragmatic Features in Interaction". Tesis Ph.D, yang beIum diterbitkan, Universiti Malaya.
37. Jan, J dan David, M. K. Oral Skills, 1996. "A Need for Acceptance of L1 Cultural Norms" dlm. Pertanika Journal of Social Science and Humanities 49(1) 11-19.
38. Kachru, B. B. 1979. "Code-mixing as a communicative strategy in India". Dlm. C. Richard (ed.), New Varieties of English Issues and Approaches hlm. 18-32 Singapore: SEAMEO.
39. Lawson-Sako, S dan Sachdev, I. 1996. "Ethnolinguistic Communication in Tunisian Streets: Convergence and Divergence". Dlm. Y. Suleiman (ed.) Language and Identity in the Middle East and North Africa: Curwn Press.
40. Lawson, S. dan Sachdev, I. 2000. "Codeswitching in Tunisia Attitudinal and Behavioural Dimensions", dlm. Journal of Pragmatics. Lim, Ann Lay, 1997. "Pemiliharaan dan Penggeseran Bahasa di Kalangan Mahasiswa India". Tesis Sarjana, Universiti Malaya.
41. Li Wei, 1995. "Variations in Patterns of Language Choice and Code switching by Three Groups of Chinese/English Speakers in Newcastle upon Tyne". Dlm. Multilingua 14:3 299-35.
42. Li Wei, 1996. Personal Communication.
43. Mohamad Subakir Mohd Yasin, 1998. Language Allegiance and Language Shift A Malaysian Case Study. Faculty Pengajian Bahasa, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.
44. Morais, Elaine, 1998. "Language Choice in a Malaysian Car-assembly Plant" dlm. Int. Journal of the Sociology of Language, 130 89-105.
45. Nik Safiah Karim, 1988. Sosiolinguistik Bahasa Melayu dan Pengajaran. Petaling Jaya: Fajar Bakti.
46. Nor Hashim bin Osman, 1991. Kajian Pemilihan Bahasa: Kajian Kes di Kawasan Perumahan Ulu Dedap Seberang Perak. Tesis sarjana yang belum diterbitkan. Universiti Malaya.
47. Pakir, A. 1986. "A linguistic investigation of Baba Malay". Tesis Ph.D yang belum diterbitkan. University of Hawai 'e at Manoa.
48. Platt, J. T. dan Weber, H. 1980. English in Singapore and Malaysia Status: Features: Functions. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press.
49. Poplack, S. 1998. "Contrasting Patterns of Code switching in Two Communities". Dlm. M. Heller (ed.), Codeswitching: Anthropological and Sociolinguistic Perspectives. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
50. Rajagopal, Lohayanahi, 1987. The use of Bahasa Malaysia among the Urban Indians Asmah Haji Omar (ed.). National Language and Communication in Multilingual Societies hlm. 45- 55 Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
51. Ravichandran, M. 1996. "The Chitty of Malacca". Tesis Sarjana yang belum diterbitkan, Universiti Malaya.
52. Romaine, S. 1989. Bilingualism. Oxford: Blackwell.
53. Sachdev, I. dan Bourhis R. 1990. "Bi-multilinguality". Dlm. H. Giles dan W. P. Robinson eds. Handbook of Social Psychology, hlm. 293-308. New York: Wiley and Sons.
54. Scotton-Myers, Carol, 1993. Social Motivations for Codeswitching Evidence from Africa. New York: Oxford University Press.
55. Singh, R. 1994. "Code-switching/mixing Patterns and Bilingual Proficiency". Kertas kerja yang dibentangkan di persidangan Leeuwarden Summer School on Language Contact, September 14-17.
56. Tan, Chee Beng, 1980. "Baba Malay Dialect". Dlm. Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society 15:1 hlm. 150-66.
57. Torres, L. 1989. "Code-mixing and Borrowing in a New York Puerto Rican Community: A Cross-generational Study" dlm. World Englishes 8, 419-22.
58. Valdes, G. 1981. "Code-switching as a Deliberate Verbal Strategy: A Microanalysis of direct and indirect requests among bilingual Chicano speakers". Dlm. R. Duran (ed.) Lationo Language and Communicative Behaviour. Hlm. 95-107. Norwood. N. J. Ablex.
2. Asmah Haji Omar, 1977. Kepelbagaian Fonologi Dialek-dialek Melayu. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
3. Asmah Haji Omar, 1982. Language and Society in Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
4. Asmah Haji Omar, 1987. National Language and Communication in Multilingual Societies. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
5. Asmah Haji Omar, 1989. "English in Malaysia: A Typology of its Status and Role". Kertas kerja yang dibentangkan di Persidangan Third Tun Razak International Conference on Language Planning in Southeast Asia, Ohio University: Amerika Syarikat.
6. Asmah Haji Omar, 1997. Personal Communication.
7. Baskaran, L.M. 1987. "Aspects of Malaysian English Syntax". Tesis Ph.D yang belum diterbitkan. University College, University of London.
8. Bradac, James. Robert Hooper dan John Wiemann, 1989. "Message Effects: Retrospect and Prospect". Dlm. Braddac, James (ed.) Message Effects in Communication Styles. Hlm. 294-317, Newbury Park: Sage.
9. Berger, Charles R. dan James Bradac, 1982. Language and Social Knowledge. London: Edward Arnold.
10. Blom, J. P. dan Gumperz, J.J. 1972. "Social Meaning in Linguistic Structures: Code switching in Norway". Dlm. J.J. Gumperz dan D. Hymes (ed.) Directions in Sociolinguistics: the Ethnography of Communication, hlm. 407-34 New York: Rinehart and Winston.
11. Bordieux, P. 1994. Language and Symbolic Power. Oxford: Blackwell.
12. Coupland, Nikolas dan Adam Jaworski, 1997. Relevance. Accomodation and Concersation: Modelling the Social Dimension of Communication Multilingua 16-2/3 233- 258.
13. David, M. K. 1992. ''The Sindhis in Malaysia-Language Maintenance, Language Joss or Language Death" dlm. Proceedings of the International Conference on Bilingualism and National Development, Brunei, Jilid 1.
14. David, M. K. 1996. "Language Shift among the Sindhis of Malaysia". Tesis Ph.D yang belum diterbitkan. Universiti Malaya.
15. David, M. K. 1997. "The Language of Malaysiaan Youth". Kertas kerja yang dibentangkan di English is an Asian Language: The Malaysia Context di Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
16. David, M. K. 1998. "Language Shift, Cultural Maintenance and Ethnic Identity; A Study of A Minority Community: the Sindhis of Malaysia", dlm. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 130 67-76.
17. David, M. K. 1999a. "Language Shift? A study of a Minority Community: The Sindhis of Malaysia". Dlm. South Pacific Journal of Psychology Special Issue: Asian-Pacific Language Research, hlm. 61-67.
18. David, M. K. dan Faridah Noor, 1999b. "Language Maintenance or Language Shift in the Portuguese Settlement in Malacca, Malaysia" dlm. Journal of Migration 4199.
19. David, M. K. 1999c. "Bilingual Language Policy: The Malaysia Experience". Kertas kerja yang dibentangkan di Persidangan Language in Education in Post Colonial Societies, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, April.
20. De Bot, R. dan Clyne, 1994. "A 16 Year Longitudinal Study of Language Attrition in Dutch Immigrants in Australia". Dlm. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 15:1, 17-28.
21. Fishman, J. A. 1965. "Who Speaks What language to Whom and When"? Dlm. Linguistics 2, 67-88.
22. Fishman, J. A. dan Greenfield, L. 1970. "Situational Measures of Normative Language Views in Relation to Person, Place and topic among Puerto Rican Bilinguals". Dlm. Anthorpes, 65:602-618.
23. Fishman, J. 1972. "Domains and the Relationship Between Micro and Macro Sociolinguistics". J. Gumperz dan Dell Hymes (ed.) dlm. Directions in Sociolinguistics 267-288. New York: Holt and Reinhart.
24. Gardner-Chloros, P. 1991. Language Selection and Switching in Strasbourg. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
25. General Report of the Population Census, Jilid 1 Population and Housing Census of Malaysia. 1991. Kuala Lumpur: Jabatan Perangkaan Malaysia.
26. Giles, Howard, D. M. Taylor dan Richard Y. Bourhis, 1973. ''Towards a Theory of Interpersonal Accommodation Through Language: Some Canadian Data" dlm. Language in Society" 2, 177-192.
27. Giles, H. 1977. Language Ethnicity and Intergroup Relations. London: Academic Press.
28. Giles, H. dan P Johnson, 1981. "The role of language in Ethnic Group Relations". Dlm. J.C. Turner dan H. Giles (ed.) hlm. 199-243. Intergroup Behaviour. dlm. Oxford: Blackwell.
29. Giles, H. 1984. "The Dynamics of Speech Accommodation" dlm. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 46, 20-42.
30. Giles., H., Mulac, A Bradac, J dan Johnson P. 1987. "Speech Accomodation Theory The First Decade and Beyond". Dlm. M.L Mclaughlin (ed.) Communication Yearbook 10, 13-48. Sage.
31. Giles, H., dan Nikolas Coupland, 1991. Language, Contexts and Consequences. Milton Keynes: Open University Press.
32. Gumperz, J. 1964. "Linguistic and Social Interaction in Two Communities". Dlm. American Anthropologist, 66:6 137-54.
33. Gumperz, John J. 1982. Discourse Strategies. Cambridge: CUP.
34. Halliday, M. 1973. Explorations in the Functions of Language. London: Edward Arnold.
35. Heller, M. 1988. Code-switching: Anthropological and Sociolinguistic Perspecrives: Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
36. Jamaliah Mohamad Ali, 1995. "Malaysian Student Seminar - a study of Pragmatic Features in Interaction". Tesis Ph.D, yang beIum diterbitkan, Universiti Malaya.
37. Jan, J dan David, M. K. Oral Skills, 1996. "A Need for Acceptance of L1 Cultural Norms" dlm. Pertanika Journal of Social Science and Humanities 49(1) 11-19.
38. Kachru, B. B. 1979. "Code-mixing as a communicative strategy in India". Dlm. C. Richard (ed.), New Varieties of English Issues and Approaches hlm. 18-32 Singapore: SEAMEO.
39. Lawson-Sako, S dan Sachdev, I. 1996. "Ethnolinguistic Communication in Tunisian Streets: Convergence and Divergence". Dlm. Y. Suleiman (ed.) Language and Identity in the Middle East and North Africa: Curwn Press.
40. Lawson, S. dan Sachdev, I. 2000. "Codeswitching in Tunisia Attitudinal and Behavioural Dimensions", dlm. Journal of Pragmatics. Lim, Ann Lay, 1997. "Pemiliharaan dan Penggeseran Bahasa di Kalangan Mahasiswa India". Tesis Sarjana, Universiti Malaya.
41. Li Wei, 1995. "Variations in Patterns of Language Choice and Code switching by Three Groups of Chinese/English Speakers in Newcastle upon Tyne". Dlm. Multilingua 14:3 299-35.
42. Li Wei, 1996. Personal Communication.
43. Mohamad Subakir Mohd Yasin, 1998. Language Allegiance and Language Shift A Malaysian Case Study. Faculty Pengajian Bahasa, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.
44. Morais, Elaine, 1998. "Language Choice in a Malaysian Car-assembly Plant" dlm. Int. Journal of the Sociology of Language, 130 89-105.
45. Nik Safiah Karim, 1988. Sosiolinguistik Bahasa Melayu dan Pengajaran. Petaling Jaya: Fajar Bakti.
46. Nor Hashim bin Osman, 1991. Kajian Pemilihan Bahasa: Kajian Kes di Kawasan Perumahan Ulu Dedap Seberang Perak. Tesis sarjana yang belum diterbitkan. Universiti Malaya.
47. Pakir, A. 1986. "A linguistic investigation of Baba Malay". Tesis Ph.D yang belum diterbitkan. University of Hawai 'e at Manoa.
48. Platt, J. T. dan Weber, H. 1980. English in Singapore and Malaysia Status: Features: Functions. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press.
49. Poplack, S. 1998. "Contrasting Patterns of Code switching in Two Communities". Dlm. M. Heller (ed.), Codeswitching: Anthropological and Sociolinguistic Perspectives. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
50. Rajagopal, Lohayanahi, 1987. The use of Bahasa Malaysia among the Urban Indians Asmah Haji Omar (ed.). National Language and Communication in Multilingual Societies hlm. 45- 55 Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
51. Ravichandran, M. 1996. "The Chitty of Malacca". Tesis Sarjana yang belum diterbitkan, Universiti Malaya.
52. Romaine, S. 1989. Bilingualism. Oxford: Blackwell.
53. Sachdev, I. dan Bourhis R. 1990. "Bi-multilinguality". Dlm. H. Giles dan W. P. Robinson eds. Handbook of Social Psychology, hlm. 293-308. New York: Wiley and Sons.
54. Scotton-Myers, Carol, 1993. Social Motivations for Codeswitching Evidence from Africa. New York: Oxford University Press.
55. Singh, R. 1994. "Code-switching/mixing Patterns and Bilingual Proficiency". Kertas kerja yang dibentangkan di persidangan Leeuwarden Summer School on Language Contact, September 14-17.
56. Tan, Chee Beng, 1980. "Baba Malay Dialect". Dlm. Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society 15:1 hlm. 150-66.
57. Torres, L. 1989. "Code-mixing and Borrowing in a New York Puerto Rican Community: A Cross-generational Study" dlm. World Englishes 8, 419-22.
58. Valdes, G. 1981. "Code-switching as a Deliberate Verbal Strategy: A Microanalysis of direct and indirect requests among bilingual Chicano speakers". Dlm. R. Duran (ed.) Lationo Language and Communicative Behaviour. Hlm. 95-107. Norwood. N. J. Ablex.
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2002-03-04
Bagaimana untuk memetik sitasi
David, M.
(2002).
Pilihan bahasa dalam domain perdagangan di Malaysia.
Jurnal Bahasa, 2(1), 113-144.
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