Mengapakah bahasa mati?
Abstrak
Bahasa mati apabila penutumya mati akibat bencana alam, kebuluran, penyakit, peperangan, dan sebagainya. Namun, sesuatu bahasa juga mati kerana misalnya keghairahan semasa tentang penggunaan bahasa Inggeris secara global, asimilasi global dan penjajahan budaya. Walau apa pun faktor fizikal dan psikologikal yang menyumbang ke arah kepupusan sesuatu bahasa, tetapi sikap masyarakat penutur terhadap bahasa mereka sendiri itulah faktor kematian bahasa. Justeru, bagi mempertahankan sesuatu bahasa, kalangan penutumya haruslah bersikap positif terhadap bahasa sendiri dengan melenyapkan istilah pendominasian bahasa. Dengan kata Iain tidak ada bahasa yang mendominasi bahasa Iain, hanya penutumya yang beranggapan demikian.
Rujukan
1. Adelaar, William F.H., 1998. "The Endangered Situation of Native Languages in South America" dlm. Matsumura (ed.) hlm 1-15.
2. Annamalai, E., 1998. "Language Survival in India: Challenges and Responses" dlm. Matsumura (ed.), hlm. 17-31.
3. Babe, R. E., 1997. "Understanding the Cultural Ecology Model" dlm. Cliche (ed.), hlm. 1-23.
4. Bellin, Wynford, 1984. "Welsh and English in Wales" dlm. Peter Trudgill (ed.), Language in the British Isles. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, hlm. 449-479.
5. Brenzinger, Matthias, 1998. "Various Ways of Dying and Different Kinds of Deaths: Scholarly Approaches to Language Endangerment on the African Continent" dlm. Matsumura (ed.), hlm. 85-100.
6. Connell, Bruce, 1997. Kasabe (Luo). latiku 4.27.
7. Dauenhauer, Nora Marks dan Richard Dauenhauer, 1998. "Technical, Emotional, and Ideological Issues in Reversing Language Shift: Examples from Southeast Alaska" dlm. Grenoble dan Whaley (ed.), hlm. 57-98.
8. Dixon, R. M. W., 1972. The Dyribal Language of North Queensland. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
9. Dixon, R. M. W., 1991. ''The Endangered Languages of Australia, Indonesia and Oceania" dlm. Robins dan Uhlenbeck (ed.), hlm. 229-255.
10. Dixon, R. M. W., 1997. The Rise and Fall of Languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
11. Dixon, R. M. W., Ed., 1989. Investigating Obsolescence: Studies in Language Contraction and Death. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
12. Dixon, R. M. W., 1993. "A Response to Ladefoged's Other View of Endangered Languages" dlm. Language 69 hlm. 575-9.
13. Dixon, R. M. W., 1998. ''Western Language Ideologies and Small-language Prospects" dlm. Grenoble dan Whaley (eds.), hlm. 3-21.
14. Dorian, Nancy C., 1981. Language Death: The Life Cycle of a Scottish Gaelic Dialet. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
15. Duffy, J., 1953. Epidemics in Colonial America. Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press.
16. Edwards, John, 1985. Language, Society and Identity. Oxford: Blackwell.
17. Edwards, John, 1992. "Sociopolitical Aspects of Language Maintenance and Loss: Towards a Typology of Minority Language Situations" dlm. Willem Fase, Koen Jaspaert, dan Sjaak Kroon (ed.), Maintenance and Loss of Minority Languages. Amsterdam: Benjamins, hlm. 37-54.
18. Edwards, V. , dan T.J. Sienkewicz, 1990. Oral Cultures Past and Present. Oxford: Blackwell.
19. England, Nora C. 1998. "Mayan Efforts Toward Language Preservation" dlm. Grenoble dan Whaley (ed.), hlm. 99-116.
20. Furbee, N. Louanna, Lori A. Stanley dan Tony Arkeketa, 1998. ''The Roles of Two Kinds of Expert in Language Renewal" dlm. Ostler (ed.), hlm. 75-79.
21. Grenand, Pierre dan Francoise Grenand, 1993. "Amerique Equatoriale: Grande Amazonie" dlm. Serge Bahuchet (ed.), Situation Des Populations Indigenes Desforets Denses et Humides. Luxemburg: Office des publications officielles des communautes europeennes, hlm. 89-176.
22. Grenoble, Lenore A., dan Landsay I. Whaley, eds. 1998a. Endangered l.Anguage: Current Issues and Future Prospects. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1998b "Toward a Typology of Language Endangerment". dlm. Grenoble dan Whaley ( 1998a), hlm. 22-54.
23. Grinevald, Colette, 1998. "Language Endangerment in South America: A Programmatic Approach" dlm. Grenoble dan Whaley (ed.), hlm. 124-159.
24. Hale, Ken, 1995. "Contribution to a seminar on Endangered Languages", Dartmouth College, Hanover (New Hampshire, USA). Iatiku 1.5.
25. Johnson, Jerald Jay, 1978. Yana dim. R.F. Heizer (ed.), Handbook of North American Indians, Jld. VIII. Washington: Smithsonian Institution, hlm. 361-369.
26. Kincade, M. Dale, 1991. ''The Decline of Native Languages in Canada" dlm. Robins dan Uhlenbeck (ed.), hlm. 157-176.
27. 'Krauss, Michael., 1992. "The World's Languages in Crisis" dlm. Language 68, hlm. 4-10.
28. Krauss, 1998. ''The Scope of the Language Endangerment Crisis and Recent Response to it" dlm. Matsumura (ed.), hlm. 108-109.
29. Landaburu, Jon, 1979. La langue des Andoke (Amazonie colombienne), Paris: SELAF.
30. Matsumura, Kazuto, ed. 1998. Studies in Endangered Language (Kertas kerja dalam International Symposium on Endangered Languages, Tokyo, 18-20 November 1995.) Tokyo: Hituzi Syobo.
31. McNeill, W.H., 1976. Plagues and Peoples, Garden City, NY: Anchor Press.
32. Mithun, Marianne, 1998. ''The Significance of Diversity in Language Endangerment and Preservation" dlm. Grenoble dan Whaley (ed.), hlm. 163-191.
33. Ngugi wa Thiong'o., 1986. Decolonising the Mind: The Politics of Language in African Literature, London: Currey/Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann.
34. Ostler, Nicholas, 1996. Tongues Ancient and Postmoderm. latiku 3. 1-2. 1997.
35. Editorial. Ogmios 6. 3-5 . ed. 1998. Endanged Language: What Role for The Specialist? (Prosiding Kedua Persidangan FEL, University of Edinburg, 25-7 September 1998.) Bath: Foundation for Endangered Language.
36. Peat, F. David, 1995. Blackfoot Physics. London: Fourth Estate.
37. Robin, R.H., dan E. M. Uhlenbeck, (editor), 1991. En.dangered Languages. Oxford and New York: Berg.
38. Rodrigues, A.O., 1993. Linguas Indigenas: 500 anos de Descobertas e Perdas, DELTA 9, hlm. 83-103.
39. Sawai, Harumi, 1998. 'The Present Situation of the Ainu Language" dlm. Matsumura (ed.), hlm. 177-189.
40. Schiller, Herbert I., 1969. Mass Communications and American Empire. New York: Kelley.
41. Schiller, Herbert I., 1976. Communication and Cultural Domination. New York: Sharpe.
42. Seifart, Frank, 1998. "Situation of the Indigenous Languages of Colombia, Especially Chimila". Ogmios 9, hlm. 8-10.
43. Steam, E.W., dan A. E., Stearn, 1945. The Effect of Smallpox on the Destiny of the Amerindian. Boston: Humphries.
44. Voegelin, C. F., dan F.M. Voegelin, 1977. Classification and Index of the Worlds Languages. New York: Elsevier.
45. Watson, Seosamh, 1991. "Scottish and Irish Gaelic: the Giants' bed-fellows" dlm. Robins dan Uhlenbeck (ed.), hlm. 41-59.
46. Wurm, Stephen A., 1998. "Methods of Language Maintenance and Revival, with Selected Cases of Language Endangerment in the World" dlm. Matsumura (ed.), hlm. 191-211.
47. Yamamoto, Akira Y., 1998a. "Linguists and Endangered Language Communities: Issues and Approaches" dlm. Matsumura (ed.), hlm. 213-252.
2. Annamalai, E., 1998. "Language Survival in India: Challenges and Responses" dlm. Matsumura (ed.), hlm. 17-31.
3. Babe, R. E., 1997. "Understanding the Cultural Ecology Model" dlm. Cliche (ed.), hlm. 1-23.
4. Bellin, Wynford, 1984. "Welsh and English in Wales" dlm. Peter Trudgill (ed.), Language in the British Isles. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, hlm. 449-479.
5. Brenzinger, Matthias, 1998. "Various Ways of Dying and Different Kinds of Deaths: Scholarly Approaches to Language Endangerment on the African Continent" dlm. Matsumura (ed.), hlm. 85-100.
6. Connell, Bruce, 1997. Kasabe (Luo). latiku 4.27.
7. Dauenhauer, Nora Marks dan Richard Dauenhauer, 1998. "Technical, Emotional, and Ideological Issues in Reversing Language Shift: Examples from Southeast Alaska" dlm. Grenoble dan Whaley (ed.), hlm. 57-98.
8. Dixon, R. M. W., 1972. The Dyribal Language of North Queensland. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
9. Dixon, R. M. W., 1991. ''The Endangered Languages of Australia, Indonesia and Oceania" dlm. Robins dan Uhlenbeck (ed.), hlm. 229-255.
10. Dixon, R. M. W., 1997. The Rise and Fall of Languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
11. Dixon, R. M. W., Ed., 1989. Investigating Obsolescence: Studies in Language Contraction and Death. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
12. Dixon, R. M. W., 1993. "A Response to Ladefoged's Other View of Endangered Languages" dlm. Language 69 hlm. 575-9.
13. Dixon, R. M. W., 1998. ''Western Language Ideologies and Small-language Prospects" dlm. Grenoble dan Whaley (eds.), hlm. 3-21.
14. Dorian, Nancy C., 1981. Language Death: The Life Cycle of a Scottish Gaelic Dialet. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
15. Duffy, J., 1953. Epidemics in Colonial America. Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press.
16. Edwards, John, 1985. Language, Society and Identity. Oxford: Blackwell.
17. Edwards, John, 1992. "Sociopolitical Aspects of Language Maintenance and Loss: Towards a Typology of Minority Language Situations" dlm. Willem Fase, Koen Jaspaert, dan Sjaak Kroon (ed.), Maintenance and Loss of Minority Languages. Amsterdam: Benjamins, hlm. 37-54.
18. Edwards, V. , dan T.J. Sienkewicz, 1990. Oral Cultures Past and Present. Oxford: Blackwell.
19. England, Nora C. 1998. "Mayan Efforts Toward Language Preservation" dlm. Grenoble dan Whaley (ed.), hlm. 99-116.
20. Furbee, N. Louanna, Lori A. Stanley dan Tony Arkeketa, 1998. ''The Roles of Two Kinds of Expert in Language Renewal" dlm. Ostler (ed.), hlm. 75-79.
21. Grenand, Pierre dan Francoise Grenand, 1993. "Amerique Equatoriale: Grande Amazonie" dlm. Serge Bahuchet (ed.), Situation Des Populations Indigenes Desforets Denses et Humides. Luxemburg: Office des publications officielles des communautes europeennes, hlm. 89-176.
22. Grenoble, Lenore A., dan Landsay I. Whaley, eds. 1998a. Endangered l.Anguage: Current Issues and Future Prospects. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1998b "Toward a Typology of Language Endangerment". dlm. Grenoble dan Whaley ( 1998a), hlm. 22-54.
23. Grinevald, Colette, 1998. "Language Endangerment in South America: A Programmatic Approach" dlm. Grenoble dan Whaley (ed.), hlm. 124-159.
24. Hale, Ken, 1995. "Contribution to a seminar on Endangered Languages", Dartmouth College, Hanover (New Hampshire, USA). Iatiku 1.5.
25. Johnson, Jerald Jay, 1978. Yana dim. R.F. Heizer (ed.), Handbook of North American Indians, Jld. VIII. Washington: Smithsonian Institution, hlm. 361-369.
26. Kincade, M. Dale, 1991. ''The Decline of Native Languages in Canada" dlm. Robins dan Uhlenbeck (ed.), hlm. 157-176.
27. 'Krauss, Michael., 1992. "The World's Languages in Crisis" dlm. Language 68, hlm. 4-10.
28. Krauss, 1998. ''The Scope of the Language Endangerment Crisis and Recent Response to it" dlm. Matsumura (ed.), hlm. 108-109.
29. Landaburu, Jon, 1979. La langue des Andoke (Amazonie colombienne), Paris: SELAF.
30. Matsumura, Kazuto, ed. 1998. Studies in Endangered Language (Kertas kerja dalam International Symposium on Endangered Languages, Tokyo, 18-20 November 1995.) Tokyo: Hituzi Syobo.
31. McNeill, W.H., 1976. Plagues and Peoples, Garden City, NY: Anchor Press.
32. Mithun, Marianne, 1998. ''The Significance of Diversity in Language Endangerment and Preservation" dlm. Grenoble dan Whaley (ed.), hlm. 163-191.
33. Ngugi wa Thiong'o., 1986. Decolonising the Mind: The Politics of Language in African Literature, London: Currey/Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann.
34. Ostler, Nicholas, 1996. Tongues Ancient and Postmoderm. latiku 3. 1-2. 1997.
35. Editorial. Ogmios 6. 3-5 . ed. 1998. Endanged Language: What Role for The Specialist? (Prosiding Kedua Persidangan FEL, University of Edinburg, 25-7 September 1998.) Bath: Foundation for Endangered Language.
36. Peat, F. David, 1995. Blackfoot Physics. London: Fourth Estate.
37. Robin, R.H., dan E. M. Uhlenbeck, (editor), 1991. En.dangered Languages. Oxford and New York: Berg.
38. Rodrigues, A.O., 1993. Linguas Indigenas: 500 anos de Descobertas e Perdas, DELTA 9, hlm. 83-103.
39. Sawai, Harumi, 1998. 'The Present Situation of the Ainu Language" dlm. Matsumura (ed.), hlm. 177-189.
40. Schiller, Herbert I., 1969. Mass Communications and American Empire. New York: Kelley.
41. Schiller, Herbert I., 1976. Communication and Cultural Domination. New York: Sharpe.
42. Seifart, Frank, 1998. "Situation of the Indigenous Languages of Colombia, Especially Chimila". Ogmios 9, hlm. 8-10.
43. Steam, E.W., dan A. E., Stearn, 1945. The Effect of Smallpox on the Destiny of the Amerindian. Boston: Humphries.
44. Voegelin, C. F., dan F.M. Voegelin, 1977. Classification and Index of the Worlds Languages. New York: Elsevier.
45. Watson, Seosamh, 1991. "Scottish and Irish Gaelic: the Giants' bed-fellows" dlm. Robins dan Uhlenbeck (ed.), hlm. 41-59.
46. Wurm, Stephen A., 1998. "Methods of Language Maintenance and Revival, with Selected Cases of Language Endangerment in the World" dlm. Matsumura (ed.), hlm. 191-211.
47. Yamamoto, Akira Y., 1998a. "Linguists and Endangered Language Communities: Issues and Approaches" dlm. Matsumura (ed.), hlm. 213-252.
Telah diterbitkan
2002-03-04
Bagaimana untuk memetik sitasi
Md. Russin, A., & Crystal, D.
(2002).
Mengapakah bahasa mati?.
Jurnal Bahasa, 2(3), 309-333.
Dicapai daripada https://jurnal.dbp.my/index.php/jurnalbahasa/article/view/8659/4163
Seksyen
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