Persamaan dan kemiripan bahasa: perbandingan kosa kata dasar 10 bahasa Austronesia di Sarawak

Noriah Mohamed; Rohani Mohd. Yusof

Noriah Mohamed Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia
Rohani Mohd. Yusof University of Malaya, Malaysia

Abstract

This article focuses on research findings of a linguistic process known as comparative method which is carried out in the discipline known as comparative historical linguistics. The expressions of comparative historical linguistics. The expressions of comparative historial linguistics are formed from two terminologies which are historical linguistics and comparative linguistics. The function of historical linguistics is to analyse the development of internal and external elements in languages since the early emergence of that particular languages until a certain point of time whereas, the function of comparative linguistics, involve current dialects or languages that are still exist in the present day. These dialects or languages are used because both are supposedly qist as a result of previous language development. In other words, there is an older form of a language which was thought to disperse "younger" or newer dialects oe languages. Therefore, other than getting a portrayal of the parent language, a specific comparison will be employed to analyse changes that occurred in a dialect or language that was dispersed by the parent language. As a result, the comparative field is supposed to be afield that examines datafrom one or more languages, at least in two periods. The data of one language over two periods or more were compared carefully to obtain changing methods that occurred in that particular language. (Gorys, 1984:22). Using a combination of both comparative and historical linguistic approaches, linguists can make an effort to reach further into the life of the language during the prehistoric period. The efforts can be analysed through four focal points of research in this field. Firstly, this discipline can be used to trace the history of a particular language and to express the relationship between a particular language and other languages during the prehistoric period. Secondly, this discipline also can be used to restore, redevelop or reconstruct the form of the parent language which was thought to disperse the related languages that exist now. Thirdly, this discipline also functions to subgroup or classify languages that is to group languages into specific subgroups based on similar linguistic characteristics and to confirm the related levels between the subgroups of those languages. The fourth focal point of the comparative and historical linguistics is to predict the centres of spread of the parent language and trace the transfer of the parent language speakers from those centres. The pivotal point of this research is on the first focal point that is to trace the history of a particular language and to express relationship of that language with other languages during the prehistoric period. As stated in the comparative and historical linguistics, the relationship between languages can be expressed through the comparative method. For this purpose, the article will compare Lexis of ten Autronesian languages, identify similarities and differences between Lexis of those languages and investigate general processes of change that can be traced from these comparisons.

References

1. Abdul Syukur Ibrahim, 1981. Tujuh bahasa Nusantara (sebuah kajian leksikostatistik). Penataran Linguistik Kontrastif dan Historis Komparatif Tahap III, Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa, Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan FKSS IKIP, Malang.

2. Arlotto, A., 1972. An Introduction to Historical Linguistics. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company.

3. Asmah Haji Omar, 1988. Susur Galur Bahasa Melayu. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.

4. Dyen, I. (ed.), 1973. "Lexicostatistics in genetic linguistics". Proceedings of the Yale Conference, Yale University, April 3-4 1971. Mouton: The Hague.

5. Dyen, I. 1975. Linguistics subgrouping and lexicostatistics. Paris: The Hague.

6. Ellis, J. 1966. Towards a general comparative linguistics. Paris: Mouton The Hague.

7. Gudschinsky, S. "The ABC's of lexicostatistics (glottochronology)" dlm. Hymes, D., 1964, Language in culture and society, a reader in linguistic and anthropology, New York: Harper and Row, hlm. 612-623.

8. Gorys Keraf, 1984. Linguistik Bandingan Historis. Jakarta: Penerbit PT Gramedia.

9. Harimurti Kridalaksana. "Perhitungan leksikostatistik atas delapan bahasa Nusantara Barat serta penentuan pusat penyebaran bahasa-bahasa itu berdasarkan teori migrasi" dalam Madjalah llmu-llmu Sastra Indonesia, Oktober 1964, hlm. 319-351.

10. Katicic, R., 1970. A contribution to the General Theory of Comparative Linguistics. Paris: Mouton The Hague.

11. Lehmann, W., 1962. Historical Linguistics and Introduction. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston Inc.

12. McMahon, A.M.S., 1994. Understanding Language Change. Cambrideg: Cambridge University Press.

13. Noriah Mohamed. "Waktu Pisah dan Tingkat Kekerabatan Bahasa Melayu dengan Bahasa lban" dlm. Jurnal Dewan Bahasa 38:2 Februari 1994, hlm. 129-143.

14. Noriah Mohamed. "Konsep Kekeluargaan Bahasa dan Kaedah Perbandingan dalam Linguistik Sejarah dan Perbandingan" dlm. Jurnal Dewan Bahasa 40:2, Februari 1996, hlm. 128-138.

15. Noriah Mohamed. "Pengelompokan Bahasa" dlm. Jurnal Dewan Bahasa 43: 12 Disember 1999, hlm. 1077-1107.

16. Noriah Mohamed, 1999. Sejarah Sosiolinguistik Bahasa Melayu Lama. Pulau Pinang: Penerbit Universiti Sains Malaysia.

17. Noriah Mohamed. 2001. "Perbandingan Kuantitatif Bahasa Miri dengan Bahasa Melayu" dlm. Jurnal Bahasa 1 :3 September 200, hlm. 378-397.

18. Swadesh, M. (edited by Joel Sherzer, forward by Dell Hymes). 1971. The origin and diversification of language. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.

19. Utjen Djusen Ranabrata, 1984. "Refleks fonem proto Melayu Polinesia dalam bahasa Indonesia". Jakarta: Penataran Linguistik Historis Komparatif IV Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan.