Pilihan bahasa dalam domain perdagangan di Malaysia
Abstract
English is an important second language in multilinguistic Malaysia. This study is designed to explore how in multilingual Malaysia, Malaysians (Malay, Chinese and Indian) actually use and alter their language (s) when interacting with each other. Giles, Taylor, and Bourhis ( 1973) have developed the Accomodation Theory to explain language use, and evaluation in terms of social psychological processes operating at interpersonal levels. Their major focus has been on the language strategies of convergence and divergence. As normative demands of situations are important factors governing language choice this study focuses on language choice in service encounters. One of the aims of the research in observing the language used in such setting was to determine whether Malaysian vendors converge to the customers' language or vice versa. This.field study of actual language behaviour in service encounters in the city of Kuala Lumpur disclose that code switching, i.e. the use of two or more codes or languages in an utterance has become an established feature in the Malaysian repertoire of languages. This article also discusses other factors like status, in-group solidarity and linguistic capabilities which have caused the emergence of distinct linguistic variety, i.e. code switches in the Malaysian speech repertoire.
References
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6. Asmah Haji Omar, 1997. Personal Communication.
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8. Bradac, James. Robert Hooper dan John Wiemann, 1989. "Message Effects: Retrospect and Prospect". Dlm. Braddac, James (ed.) Message Effects in Communication Styles. Hlm. 294-317, Newbury Park: Sage.
9. Berger, Charles R. dan James Bradac, 1982. Language and Social Knowledge. London: Edward Arnold.
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11. Bordieux, P. 1994. Language and Symbolic Power. Oxford: Blackwell.
12. Coupland, Nikolas dan Adam Jaworski, 1997. Relevance. Accomodation and Concersation: Modelling the Social Dimension of Communication Multilingua 16-2/3 233- 258.
13. David, M. K. 1992. ''The Sindhis in Malaysia-Language Maintenance, Language Joss or Language Death" dlm. Proceedings of the International Conference on Bilingualism and National Development, Brunei, Jilid 1.
14. David, M. K. 1996. "Language Shift among the Sindhis of Malaysia". Tesis Ph.D yang belum diterbitkan. Universiti Malaya.
15. David, M. K. 1997. "The Language of Malaysiaan Youth". Kertas kerja yang dibentangkan di English is an Asian Language: The Malaysia Context di Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
16. David, M. K. 1998. "Language Shift, Cultural Maintenance and Ethnic Identity; A Study of A Minority Community: the Sindhis of Malaysia", dlm. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 130 67-76.
17. David, M. K. 1999a. "Language Shift? A study of a Minority Community: The Sindhis of Malaysia". Dlm. South Pacific Journal of Psychology Special Issue: Asian-Pacific Language Research, hlm. 61-67.
18. David, M. K. dan Faridah Noor, 1999b. "Language Maintenance or Language Shift in the Portuguese Settlement in Malacca, Malaysia" dlm. Journal of Migration 4199.
19. David, M. K. 1999c. "Bilingual Language Policy: The Malaysia Experience". Kertas kerja yang dibentangkan di Persidangan Language in Education in Post Colonial Societies, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, April.
20. De Bot, R. dan Clyne, 1994. "A 16 Year Longitudinal Study of Language Attrition in Dutch Immigrants in Australia". Dlm. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 15:1, 17-28.
21. Fishman, J. A. 1965. "Who Speaks What language to Whom and When"? Dlm. Linguistics 2, 67-88.
22. Fishman, J. A. dan Greenfield, L. 1970. "Situational Measures of Normative Language Views in Relation to Person, Place and topic among Puerto Rican Bilinguals". Dlm. Anthorpes, 65:602-618.
23. Fishman, J. 1972. "Domains and the Relationship Between Micro and Macro Sociolinguistics". J. Gumperz dan Dell Hymes (ed.) dlm. Directions in Sociolinguistics 267-288. New York: Holt and Reinhart.
24. Gardner-Chloros, P. 1991. Language Selection and Switching in Strasbourg. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
25. General Report of the Population Census, Jilid 1 Population and Housing Census of Malaysia. 1991. Kuala Lumpur: Jabatan Perangkaan Malaysia.
26. Giles, Howard, D. M. Taylor dan Richard Y. Bourhis, 1973. ''Towards a Theory of Interpersonal Accommodation Through Language: Some Canadian Data" dlm. Language in Society" 2, 177-192.
27. Giles, H. 1977. Language Ethnicity and Intergroup Relations. London: Academic Press.
28. Giles, H. dan P Johnson, 1981. "The role of language in Ethnic Group Relations". Dlm. J.C. Turner dan H. Giles (ed.) hlm. 199-243. Intergroup Behaviour. dlm. Oxford: Blackwell.
29. Giles, H. 1984. "The Dynamics of Speech Accommodation" dlm. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 46, 20-42.
30. Giles., H., Mulac, A Bradac, J dan Johnson P. 1987. "Speech Accomodation Theory The First Decade and Beyond". Dlm. M.L Mclaughlin (ed.) Communication Yearbook 10, 13-48. Sage.
31. Giles, H., dan Nikolas Coupland, 1991. Language, Contexts and Consequences. Milton Keynes: Open University Press.
32. Gumperz, J. 1964. "Linguistic and Social Interaction in Two Communities". Dlm. American Anthropologist, 66:6 137-54.
33. Gumperz, John J. 1982. Discourse Strategies. Cambridge: CUP.
34. Halliday, M. 1973. Explorations in the Functions of Language. London: Edward Arnold.
35. Heller, M. 1988. Code-switching: Anthropological and Sociolinguistic Perspecrives: Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
36. Jamaliah Mohamad Ali, 1995. "Malaysian Student Seminar - a study of Pragmatic Features in Interaction". Tesis Ph.D, yang beIum diterbitkan, Universiti Malaya.
37. Jan, J dan David, M. K. Oral Skills, 1996. "A Need for Acceptance of L1 Cultural Norms" dlm. Pertanika Journal of Social Science and Humanities 49(1) 11-19.
38. Kachru, B. B. 1979. "Code-mixing as a communicative strategy in India". Dlm. C. Richard (ed.), New Varieties of English Issues and Approaches hlm. 18-32 Singapore: SEAMEO.
39. Lawson-Sako, S dan Sachdev, I. 1996. "Ethnolinguistic Communication in Tunisian Streets: Convergence and Divergence". Dlm. Y. Suleiman (ed.) Language and Identity in the Middle East and North Africa: Curwn Press.
40. Lawson, S. dan Sachdev, I. 2000. "Codeswitching in Tunisia Attitudinal and Behavioural Dimensions", dlm. Journal of Pragmatics. Lim, Ann Lay, 1997. "Pemiliharaan dan Penggeseran Bahasa di Kalangan Mahasiswa India". Tesis Sarjana, Universiti Malaya.
41. Li Wei, 1995. "Variations in Patterns of Language Choice and Code switching by Three Groups of Chinese/English Speakers in Newcastle upon Tyne". Dlm. Multilingua 14:3 299-35.
42. Li Wei, 1996. Personal Communication.
43. Mohamad Subakir Mohd Yasin, 1998. Language Allegiance and Language Shift A Malaysian Case Study. Faculty Pengajian Bahasa, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.
44. Morais, Elaine, 1998. "Language Choice in a Malaysian Car-assembly Plant" dlm. Int. Journal of the Sociology of Language, 130 89-105.
45. Nik Safiah Karim, 1988. Sosiolinguistik Bahasa Melayu dan Pengajaran. Petaling Jaya: Fajar Bakti.
46. Nor Hashim bin Osman, 1991. Kajian Pemilihan Bahasa: Kajian Kes di Kawasan Perumahan Ulu Dedap Seberang Perak. Tesis sarjana yang belum diterbitkan. Universiti Malaya.
47. Pakir, A. 1986. "A linguistic investigation of Baba Malay". Tesis Ph.D yang belum diterbitkan. University of Hawai 'e at Manoa.
48. Platt, J. T. dan Weber, H. 1980. English in Singapore and Malaysia Status: Features: Functions. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press.
49. Poplack, S. 1998. "Contrasting Patterns of Code switching in Two Communities". Dlm. M. Heller (ed.), Codeswitching: Anthropological and Sociolinguistic Perspectives. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
50. Rajagopal, Lohayanahi, 1987. The use of Bahasa Malaysia among the Urban Indians Asmah Haji Omar (ed.). National Language and Communication in Multilingual Societies hlm. 45- 55 Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
51. Ravichandran, M. 1996. "The Chitty of Malacca". Tesis Sarjana yang belum diterbitkan, Universiti Malaya.
52. Romaine, S. 1989. Bilingualism. Oxford: Blackwell.
53. Sachdev, I. dan Bourhis R. 1990. "Bi-multilinguality". Dlm. H. Giles dan W. P. Robinson eds. Handbook of Social Psychology, hlm. 293-308. New York: Wiley and Sons.
54. Scotton-Myers, Carol, 1993. Social Motivations for Codeswitching Evidence from Africa. New York: Oxford University Press.
55. Singh, R. 1994. "Code-switching/mixing Patterns and Bilingual Proficiency". Kertas kerja yang dibentangkan di persidangan Leeuwarden Summer School on Language Contact, September 14-17.
56. Tan, Chee Beng, 1980. "Baba Malay Dialect". Dlm. Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society 15:1 hlm. 150-66.
57. Torres, L. 1989. "Code-mixing and Borrowing in a New York Puerto Rican Community: A Cross-generational Study" dlm. World Englishes 8, 419-22.
58. Valdes, G. 1981. "Code-switching as a Deliberate Verbal Strategy: A Microanalysis of direct and indirect requests among bilingual Chicano speakers". Dlm. R. Duran (ed.) Lationo Language and Communicative Behaviour. Hlm. 95-107. Norwood. N. J. Ablex.
2. Asmah Haji Omar, 1977. Kepelbagaian Fonologi Dialek-dialek Melayu. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
3. Asmah Haji Omar, 1982. Language and Society in Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
4. Asmah Haji Omar, 1987. National Language and Communication in Multilingual Societies. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
5. Asmah Haji Omar, 1989. "English in Malaysia: A Typology of its Status and Role". Kertas kerja yang dibentangkan di Persidangan Third Tun Razak International Conference on Language Planning in Southeast Asia, Ohio University: Amerika Syarikat.
6. Asmah Haji Omar, 1997. Personal Communication.
7. Baskaran, L.M. 1987. "Aspects of Malaysian English Syntax". Tesis Ph.D yang belum diterbitkan. University College, University of London.
8. Bradac, James. Robert Hooper dan John Wiemann, 1989. "Message Effects: Retrospect and Prospect". Dlm. Braddac, James (ed.) Message Effects in Communication Styles. Hlm. 294-317, Newbury Park: Sage.
9. Berger, Charles R. dan James Bradac, 1982. Language and Social Knowledge. London: Edward Arnold.
10. Blom, J. P. dan Gumperz, J.J. 1972. "Social Meaning in Linguistic Structures: Code switching in Norway". Dlm. J.J. Gumperz dan D. Hymes (ed.) Directions in Sociolinguistics: the Ethnography of Communication, hlm. 407-34 New York: Rinehart and Winston.
11. Bordieux, P. 1994. Language and Symbolic Power. Oxford: Blackwell.
12. Coupland, Nikolas dan Adam Jaworski, 1997. Relevance. Accomodation and Concersation: Modelling the Social Dimension of Communication Multilingua 16-2/3 233- 258.
13. David, M. K. 1992. ''The Sindhis in Malaysia-Language Maintenance, Language Joss or Language Death" dlm. Proceedings of the International Conference on Bilingualism and National Development, Brunei, Jilid 1.
14. David, M. K. 1996. "Language Shift among the Sindhis of Malaysia". Tesis Ph.D yang belum diterbitkan. Universiti Malaya.
15. David, M. K. 1997. "The Language of Malaysiaan Youth". Kertas kerja yang dibentangkan di English is an Asian Language: The Malaysia Context di Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
16. David, M. K. 1998. "Language Shift, Cultural Maintenance and Ethnic Identity; A Study of A Minority Community: the Sindhis of Malaysia", dlm. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 130 67-76.
17. David, M. K. 1999a. "Language Shift? A study of a Minority Community: The Sindhis of Malaysia". Dlm. South Pacific Journal of Psychology Special Issue: Asian-Pacific Language Research, hlm. 61-67.
18. David, M. K. dan Faridah Noor, 1999b. "Language Maintenance or Language Shift in the Portuguese Settlement in Malacca, Malaysia" dlm. Journal of Migration 4199.
19. David, M. K. 1999c. "Bilingual Language Policy: The Malaysia Experience". Kertas kerja yang dibentangkan di Persidangan Language in Education in Post Colonial Societies, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, April.
20. De Bot, R. dan Clyne, 1994. "A 16 Year Longitudinal Study of Language Attrition in Dutch Immigrants in Australia". Dlm. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 15:1, 17-28.
21. Fishman, J. A. 1965. "Who Speaks What language to Whom and When"? Dlm. Linguistics 2, 67-88.
22. Fishman, J. A. dan Greenfield, L. 1970. "Situational Measures of Normative Language Views in Relation to Person, Place and topic among Puerto Rican Bilinguals". Dlm. Anthorpes, 65:602-618.
23. Fishman, J. 1972. "Domains and the Relationship Between Micro and Macro Sociolinguistics". J. Gumperz dan Dell Hymes (ed.) dlm. Directions in Sociolinguistics 267-288. New York: Holt and Reinhart.
24. Gardner-Chloros, P. 1991. Language Selection and Switching in Strasbourg. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
25. General Report of the Population Census, Jilid 1 Population and Housing Census of Malaysia. 1991. Kuala Lumpur: Jabatan Perangkaan Malaysia.
26. Giles, Howard, D. M. Taylor dan Richard Y. Bourhis, 1973. ''Towards a Theory of Interpersonal Accommodation Through Language: Some Canadian Data" dlm. Language in Society" 2, 177-192.
27. Giles, H. 1977. Language Ethnicity and Intergroup Relations. London: Academic Press.
28. Giles, H. dan P Johnson, 1981. "The role of language in Ethnic Group Relations". Dlm. J.C. Turner dan H. Giles (ed.) hlm. 199-243. Intergroup Behaviour. dlm. Oxford: Blackwell.
29. Giles, H. 1984. "The Dynamics of Speech Accommodation" dlm. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 46, 20-42.
30. Giles., H., Mulac, A Bradac, J dan Johnson P. 1987. "Speech Accomodation Theory The First Decade and Beyond". Dlm. M.L Mclaughlin (ed.) Communication Yearbook 10, 13-48. Sage.
31. Giles, H., dan Nikolas Coupland, 1991. Language, Contexts and Consequences. Milton Keynes: Open University Press.
32. Gumperz, J. 1964. "Linguistic and Social Interaction in Two Communities". Dlm. American Anthropologist, 66:6 137-54.
33. Gumperz, John J. 1982. Discourse Strategies. Cambridge: CUP.
34. Halliday, M. 1973. Explorations in the Functions of Language. London: Edward Arnold.
35. Heller, M. 1988. Code-switching: Anthropological and Sociolinguistic Perspecrives: Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
36. Jamaliah Mohamad Ali, 1995. "Malaysian Student Seminar - a study of Pragmatic Features in Interaction". Tesis Ph.D, yang beIum diterbitkan, Universiti Malaya.
37. Jan, J dan David, M. K. Oral Skills, 1996. "A Need for Acceptance of L1 Cultural Norms" dlm. Pertanika Journal of Social Science and Humanities 49(1) 11-19.
38. Kachru, B. B. 1979. "Code-mixing as a communicative strategy in India". Dlm. C. Richard (ed.), New Varieties of English Issues and Approaches hlm. 18-32 Singapore: SEAMEO.
39. Lawson-Sako, S dan Sachdev, I. 1996. "Ethnolinguistic Communication in Tunisian Streets: Convergence and Divergence". Dlm. Y. Suleiman (ed.) Language and Identity in the Middle East and North Africa: Curwn Press.
40. Lawson, S. dan Sachdev, I. 2000. "Codeswitching in Tunisia Attitudinal and Behavioural Dimensions", dlm. Journal of Pragmatics. Lim, Ann Lay, 1997. "Pemiliharaan dan Penggeseran Bahasa di Kalangan Mahasiswa India". Tesis Sarjana, Universiti Malaya.
41. Li Wei, 1995. "Variations in Patterns of Language Choice and Code switching by Three Groups of Chinese/English Speakers in Newcastle upon Tyne". Dlm. Multilingua 14:3 299-35.
42. Li Wei, 1996. Personal Communication.
43. Mohamad Subakir Mohd Yasin, 1998. Language Allegiance and Language Shift A Malaysian Case Study. Faculty Pengajian Bahasa, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.
44. Morais, Elaine, 1998. "Language Choice in a Malaysian Car-assembly Plant" dlm. Int. Journal of the Sociology of Language, 130 89-105.
45. Nik Safiah Karim, 1988. Sosiolinguistik Bahasa Melayu dan Pengajaran. Petaling Jaya: Fajar Bakti.
46. Nor Hashim bin Osman, 1991. Kajian Pemilihan Bahasa: Kajian Kes di Kawasan Perumahan Ulu Dedap Seberang Perak. Tesis sarjana yang belum diterbitkan. Universiti Malaya.
47. Pakir, A. 1986. "A linguistic investigation of Baba Malay". Tesis Ph.D yang belum diterbitkan. University of Hawai 'e at Manoa.
48. Platt, J. T. dan Weber, H. 1980. English in Singapore and Malaysia Status: Features: Functions. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press.
49. Poplack, S. 1998. "Contrasting Patterns of Code switching in Two Communities". Dlm. M. Heller (ed.), Codeswitching: Anthropological and Sociolinguistic Perspectives. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
50. Rajagopal, Lohayanahi, 1987. The use of Bahasa Malaysia among the Urban Indians Asmah Haji Omar (ed.). National Language and Communication in Multilingual Societies hlm. 45- 55 Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
51. Ravichandran, M. 1996. "The Chitty of Malacca". Tesis Sarjana yang belum diterbitkan, Universiti Malaya.
52. Romaine, S. 1989. Bilingualism. Oxford: Blackwell.
53. Sachdev, I. dan Bourhis R. 1990. "Bi-multilinguality". Dlm. H. Giles dan W. P. Robinson eds. Handbook of Social Psychology, hlm. 293-308. New York: Wiley and Sons.
54. Scotton-Myers, Carol, 1993. Social Motivations for Codeswitching Evidence from Africa. New York: Oxford University Press.
55. Singh, R. 1994. "Code-switching/mixing Patterns and Bilingual Proficiency". Kertas kerja yang dibentangkan di persidangan Leeuwarden Summer School on Language Contact, September 14-17.
56. Tan, Chee Beng, 1980. "Baba Malay Dialect". Dlm. Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society 15:1 hlm. 150-66.
57. Torres, L. 1989. "Code-mixing and Borrowing in a New York Puerto Rican Community: A Cross-generational Study" dlm. World Englishes 8, 419-22.
58. Valdes, G. 1981. "Code-switching as a Deliberate Verbal Strategy: A Microanalysis of direct and indirect requests among bilingual Chicano speakers". Dlm. R. Duran (ed.) Lationo Language and Communicative Behaviour. Hlm. 95-107. Norwood. N. J. Ablex.
Published
2002-03-04
How to Cite
DAVID, Maya Khemlani.
Pilihan bahasa dalam domain perdagangan di Malaysia.
Jurnal Bahasa, [S.l.], v. 2, n. 1, p. 113-144, mar. 2002.
ISSN 2462-1889.
Available at: <http://jurnal.dbp.my/index.php/jurnalbahasa/article/view/8657>. Date accessed: 10 mar. 2026.
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