Pembinaan skema pemarkahan holistik berfokus bagi menggredkan karangan pemujukan
Abstract
In line with the infusion of communicative ideas in the Malay language educational curricula, an instrument to measure the language proficiency based on the communicative criteria is sorely needed in school based assessment for e.g. in the writing skills. For this purpose, this article reports the development of a focused holistic scoring scheme communicative scheme to grade the writing performance of persuasive essays according to achievement categories. The development of the instrument is based on the communicative ideas, which states that composing is a language performance through the interaction of three components, i.e. sociolinguistics, discourse and grammar. As a performance, assessment is conducted holistically that viewed essays as an entity. One hundred and eleven sample essays graded by specially trained raters are used to validate the instrument. The research findings show that the reliability of the instrument is high ( 0. 93 ), besides having criterion validity, i.e. with a correlation coefficient of more than 0.80 through concurrent validation with instruments presently employed in Malaysia and internationally.
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32. Moss, P.A., Cole, N.S. dan Khampalikit, C., 1982. "A Comparison of Procedures to Assess Written Language Skills at Grades 4, 7, and 10" dlm. Journal of Educational Measurement, 19, 1.
33. Odell, L., 1981. "Defining and Assessing Competence in Writing", dlm. The Nature and Measurement of Competency in English oleh Cooper, C.R., ed. Urbana, Illinois: National Council of Teachers of English.
34. Oller, J.W. Jr., 1979. Language Tests at School: A Pragmatic Approach. London: Longman.
35. Pula-Judith-Jemigen, 1990. "The Function of Personal Background, Professional Training, and Work Experience on Rater Performance in Holistic Scoring Sessions: A Study of Disciplinary Enculturation and Placement Context". dlm. Dissertation Abstracts International, 51-11A: 3714.
36. Vahapassi, A., 1988. "The Domain of School Writing and Development of the Writing Tasks", dlm. The IEA Study of Written Composition I: The International Writing Tasks and Scoring Scales Gorman, T.P., Purves, A.C. & Degenhart, R.E. The /EA Study of Written Composition: The International
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37. Varble, M.E., 1990. "Analysis of Writing Samples of Students Taught by Teachers Using Whole Language and Traditional Approaches" dlm. Journal of Educational Research, 83, 5: 245-251.
38. Weir, C.J., 1990. Understanding and Developing Language Tests. New York: Prentice-Hall.
39 Weir, C.J., 1993. Communicative language Testing. New York: Prentice-Hall.
40. White, E.M., 1985. Teaching and Assessing Writing. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers.
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2. Anastasi, A., 1988. Psychological Testing. Edisi ke-6. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company.
3. Azman Wan Chik, 1982. Ujian Bahasa Malaysia: Panduan dan Teknik. Kuala Lumpur: Utusan Publications & Distributors Sdn. Bhd.
4. Bachman, L.F. dan Savignon, S., 1986. "The Evaluation of Communicative Language Proficiency: "A Critique of the ACTFI. Oral Interview" dlm. The Modem Language Journal 10, 4: 380-390.
5. Canale, M. dan Swain, M., 1981. "A Theoretical Framework for Communicative Competence", dlm. The Construct Validation o/Test of Communicative Competence Palmer, A.S., Peter J.M.G., dan George, A.T., (ed.) Washington: Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages.
6. Carroll, J.B., 1980. Testing Communicative Performance: An Interim Study. Oxford: Pergamon Press Ltd.
7. Cooper, C.R., 1977. "Holistic Evaluation of Writing", dlm. Evaluating Writing: Describing, Measuring, Judging oleh Cooper, C.R. & Odell, L., (ed.) Urbana, Illinois: National Council of Teachers of English.
8. Crocker, L. dan Algina, J., 1986. Introduction to Classical and Modem Test Theory. Orlando, Florida: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc.
9. Duran, R.P., 1988. "Validity and Language Skills Assessments: Non-English Background Students", dlm. Wainer, H. dan Braun, H.I. Hillsdale, Test Validity oleh New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers.
10. Fischer, R.A., 1984. ''Testing Communicative Competence in French", dlm. The Modem Language Journal, 68, 1: 13-20.
11. Goulden-Nancy-Rost, 1989. "A Comparison of Reliability and Validity of Holistic and Analytic Methods of Scoring Classroom Speeches", dlm. Dissertation Abstracts International, 51-05A: 1441.
12. Hannah dan Charles-Austin, 1990. ''The Effects of Holistic Scoring and Peer-evaluation on the Narrative and Expository Writing of Tenth Graders", dlm. sertation Abstracts International, 52-09A:3167.
13. Hashim-Othman, 2000a. "Penaksiran Kemahiran Menulis Karangan Bahasa Melayu daripada Perspektif Komunikatif: Penetapan Piawai Perlakuan Minimum dan Analisis Kecekapan". Jurnal Dewan Bahasa, 44, 2: 193-207.
14. Hashim-Othman, 2000b. "Penerokaan Komponen-komponen Komunikatif dan Pembinaan Skema Pemarkahan Holistik Berfokus bagi Menggred Perlakuan Karangan Bahasa Malaysia Sekolah Menengah". Tesis Doktor Falsafah yang tidak diterbitkan, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang.
15. Hashim-Othman, 2001, "Komponen-komponen Komunikatif dalam Karangan Bahasa Melayu Sekolah Menengah". Jurnal Bahasa, 3, 1: 352-377.
16. Hillocks, G. Jr., 1986. Research on Written Composition: New Directions for Teaching. Urbana, Illinois: National Conference on Research in English.
17. Homburg, T.J., 1984. "Holistic Evaluation of ESL Compositions: Can It Be Validated Objectively"? dlm. TESOL Quarterly, 18, 1: 87-107.
18. Hutchinson, C., 1990. "Communicative Competence in Language Teaching", dlm. Handbook of Educational Ideas and Practices oleh Entwistle, N., (ed.) London: Routledge.
19. Hymes. D., 1972. "On Communicative Competence", dlm. Sociolinguistics oleh Pride, J.B. dan Holmes, J., (editor). Harmondsworth: Penguin Books.
20. Jacob, H. L., Zingraf, S.A. Wormuth, D.R. Hartfiel, V.F., dan Hughey, J.B., 1981. Testing ESL Composition: A Practicle Approach. Rowley, M. A.: Newbury House.
21. Juriah Long, 1992. "Pendekatan Pengajaran Bahasa Malaysia di Sekolah dalam Abad ke-21", dlm. Juriah Long, Halimah Badio Zaman, Putih Mohamed, dan Zalizan Mohd. Jelas., (peny.) Aliran Dalam Amalan Pendidikan Menjelang Abad ke-21 Bangi: Penerbit Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.
22. Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia, 1987. Sukatan Pelajaran Bahasa Malaysia Tingkatan 1 hingga 5 Kurikulum Bersepadu Sekolah Menengah. Kuala Lumpur: Pusat Perkembangan Kurikulum.
23. Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia, 1992. Huraian Sukatan Pelajaran Bahasa Malaysia Tingkatan IV. Kuala Lumpur: Pusat Perkembangan Kurikulum.
24. Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia, 1994. Draf Buku Panduan Am Penilaian Kendalian Sekolah Menengah: Kuala Lumpur: Pusat Perkembangan Kurikulum.
25. Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia, 2001. $ukatan Pelajaran Kurikulum Bersepadu Sekolah Menengah: Bahasa Melayu. Kuala Lumpur: Pusat Perkembangan Kurikulum.
26. Kem, R.G., dan Schultz, J.M., 1992. ''The Effect of Composition Instruction on Intermediate Level French Students' Writing Performance: Some Preliminary Findings", dlm. The Modem l.Anguage Journal, 76, 1: 1-13.
27. Khatijah Abdul Hamid, 1996. "Wacana dalam Teks Penulisan: Satu Tinjauan tentang Perkaitan Semantik dalam Karangan Bahasa Melayu Pelajar-pelajar dalam Sistem Pendidikan di Malaysia Berdasarkan Analisis Tautan Kohesi dan Koheren". Kertas kerja yang disampaikan dalam Persidangan Antarabangsa Pengajian Melayu Beijing dari 20 - 24 Mei 1996.
28. Knudson, R.E., 1992. "Analysis of Argumentative Writing at Two Grade Levels". Journal of Educational Research 85, 3:169-179.
29. Llyod-Jones, R., 1977. "Primary Trait Scoring", dlm. ed. Evalucting Writing: Describing, Measuring, Judging. Cooper, C.R. & Odell, L., Urbana, Illinois: National Council of Teachers of English.
30. Ministry of Education Malaysia, 1997. Curriculum Specifications for SMART Schools: Bahasa Melayu KBSR-KBSM. Kuala Lumpur: Curriculum Development Centre.
31. Mitchell, K. dan Anderson, J., 1986. "Reliability of Holistic Scoring for the MCAT Essay" dlm. Journal of Educational and Psychological Measurement, 46, 10: 771-775.
32. Moss, P.A., Cole, N.S. dan Khampalikit, C., 1982. "A Comparison of Procedures to Assess Written Language Skills at Grades 4, 7, and 10" dlm. Journal of Educational Measurement, 19, 1.
33. Odell, L., 1981. "Defining and Assessing Competence in Writing", dlm. The Nature and Measurement of Competency in English oleh Cooper, C.R., ed. Urbana, Illinois: National Council of Teachers of English.
34. Oller, J.W. Jr., 1979. Language Tests at School: A Pragmatic Approach. London: Longman.
35. Pula-Judith-Jemigen, 1990. "The Function of Personal Background, Professional Training, and Work Experience on Rater Performance in Holistic Scoring Sessions: A Study of Disciplinary Enculturation and Placement Context". dlm. Dissertation Abstracts International, 51-11A: 3714.
36. Vahapassi, A., 1988. "The Domain of School Writing and Development of the Writing Tasks", dlm. The IEA Study of Written Composition I: The International Writing Tasks and Scoring Scales Gorman, T.P., Purves, A.C. & Degenhart, R.E. The /EA Study of Written Composition: The International
Writing Teks and Scoring Scales. New York: Pergamon Press.
37. Varble, M.E., 1990. "Analysis of Writing Samples of Students Taught by Teachers Using Whole Language and Traditional Approaches" dlm. Journal of Educational Research, 83, 5: 245-251.
38. Weir, C.J., 1990. Understanding and Developing Language Tests. New York: Prentice-Hall.
39 Weir, C.J., 1993. Communicative language Testing. New York: Prentice-Hall.
40. White, E.M., 1985. Teaching and Assessing Writing. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers.
41. Widdowson, H. G., 1978. Teaching Language as Communication. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
42. Witt-Elizabeth-Anne, 1993. "The Construction of an Analytic Score Scale for the Direct Assessment of Writing and an Investigation of Its Reliability and Validity (Writing Assessment)" dlm. Dissertation Abstracts International, 55-03A: 543.
Published
2002-03-04
How to Cite
OTHMAN, Hashim.
Pembinaan skema pemarkahan holistik berfokus bagi menggredkan karangan pemujukan.
Jurnal Bahasa, [S.l.], v. 2, n. 3, p. 334-351, mar. 2002.
ISSN 2462-1889.
Available at: <http://jurnal.dbp.my/index.php/jurnalbahasa/article/view/8660>. Date accessed: 10 mar. 2026.
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